This booklet was not conceived with a motive or intent to appease, antagonize, or charm. It was written for the specific purpose of alerting denominative Muslims to a variety of self-inflicted injuries that have emanated from the ineptness to effectively address those obtrusive impediments that have progressively eroded the spiritual affinity once shared by Muslims.

Male infertility is a multifactorial syndrome encompassing a wide variety of disorders. In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is mysterious (idiopathic) and could be congenital or acquired. The causes are known in less than half of these cases, out of which genetic or inherited disease and specific abnormalities in the Y chromosome are major factors. About 10-20 percent of males presenting without sperm in the ejaculate carry a deletion of the Y chromosome Male genetic factor of infertility accounts for about half the cases of couple infertility and in around 50% of cases its etiology remains unknown. Molecular genetic techniques have unveiled a number of etiopathogenetic factors, including microdeletions of the Yq. Y chromosome microdeletions removing the AZoospermia Factor (AZF) regions are the most frequent molecular genetic causes of oligo/azoospermia).

This booklet was not conceived with a motive or intent to appease, antagonize, or charm. It was written for the specific purpose of alerting denominative Muslims to a variety of self-inflicted injuries that have emanated from the ineptness to effectively address those obtrusive impediments that have progressively eroded the spiritual affinity once shared by Muslims.

This is the second part of "The Exciton Model," a book aimed to explain the theoretical approach needed in Preequilibrium Emission (PE) spectra calculations. In Part I of the book, the nuclear level density calculations based on the Equidistant Spacing Model (ESM) were given. The focus was then driven to the simple, yet useful, approach of the ESM, while in this part, the idea of the non-ESM, i.e., the real energy distribution scheme of the nuclear levels will be considered. This represents the non-approximated model of level density. Beside the above, the important steps needed during PE spectra calculations are given. Some practical programs, with numerical results, are also given.

At intermediate energies, nuclear reactions have a crucial significance in nuclear physics and in science in general, which is reflected by the wide industrial scope of applications of these reactions. In this book, the fundamental theoretical ideas of the (Exciton Model), one of the most promising statistical models used to interpret such reactions, are listed, and some convenient calculations are made. Practical focus is given to the important quantity needed in this model, the (Level Density, LD). Taking the basic definition as a start, the LD is then calculated for a wide range of corrections, including Pauli principle, bound-state and finite well depth, pairing with suggested postulations, shell structure, active-passive holes, charge factors, and spin. LD is calculated in each case using a library of Matlab codes, listed in this book's material as their calling programs. The results of each count are briefly explained. This book is made of eight chapters, the first two give a general review, and the rest are combined with numerical calculations. The aim of this book is to present handy practices for researchers, specially nuclear physicists, interested in the exciton model.

Poverty is one of the major problems in the world. Currently over one third of the population of Pakistan is living under the poverty line. In Pakistan various economic empowerment programs have been lunched to improve the socio economic profile of the peoples. The current study was conducted in 2008-2009 to investigate the impact of government poverty alleviation programs on the people of Peuchar Valley, Swat. The random sampling techniques were adopted and two hundred individuals and nine group questionnaires were filled from key informed person of nine Villages. The study revealed that majority of Peucharine tribes is illiterate, jobless and living below poverty line. It has been concluded from the study that some relationship found between government poverty alleviation programs and socio economic status of the peoples which enhance and improve the livelihood security of the area. The study suggested that there are certain inadequacies and inequities in the Poverty reduction programs and Zakat system which must be removed to improve the socio economic conditions of local community in the Valley.

SEM study of leaf surfaces are increasingly used in taxonomy for improving the classification and circumscription of taxa. An investigation of leaf surfaces of 12 taxa of the family verbenaceae collected from Peshawar, Pakistan was conducted to analyze and document the taxonomic implications. The aim of the present study was to recognize some useful diagnostic features that may be used as tools for their delimitation. The results indicate that all the species and varieties (with the exception) have stomata situated exclusively on the abaxial leaf surface (hypostomatic). Most species are anisocytic and anomocytic while diacytic stomata are rare and found only in Lantana camara and Phyla nodiflora. Leaf surfaces are mostly covered with glandular and non glandular trichomes. From the cluster analysis of upper and lower epidermis it is clear that Vitex negundo, Vitex pseudo-negundo and Vitex agnus-castus are very close to each other and represents a single line of evolution. It has been concluded that trichomes and stomatal studies can be used as an additional aid in the identification of plant species and relationship between the species.

The botanical expeditions to change Valley, District Shangla, Pakistan, were made during April 2004 to September 2005. The main aim of the study was to explore plant biodiversity of the area. The study documented 172 plant species, distributed across 65 families and 139 genera. Pteridophytes were represented by 7species and 5 genera, belonging to 4 families. Gymnosperms consisted of 7 species of 6 genera belonging to 2 families. Angiosperms were represented by 59 families; of these 143 species of 116 genera in 53 families were dicots, while 15 species of 13 genera in 7 families were monocots. The most important and prominent families in terms of species diversity were Rosaceae (18 species), Lamiaceae (13 species), Asteraceae (10 species) and Poaceae (7 species). The Plant Biodiversity of the area is under heavy biotic pressure of grazing, fuel wood collection, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, medicinal plants collection, over consumption of resources and spread of alien invasive species. The lack of an efficient environmental legislation, awareness and education are root causes which enhance the loss of plant biodiversity in the area.

A Valley of lush green meadows strewn with an amazing variety of wild alpine flowers which support rich and spectacular plant biodiversity of great scientific curiosity and promising economic values. This work based on the results of a project conducted in the remote West Himalayan region of Palas Valley, in order to evaluate and analyze medicinal flora of the area. Survey was carried out in 2006 which reveals 64 plant species belonging to 46 families and 59 genera, under ethnomedicinal utility by the local inhabitants of Palas Valley. Among these 35 were herbs, 12 shrubs, 13 trees and 4 climbers. Most plant species are used for different ailments and have significant role in the primary health care of the area. It was concluded from research that Sustainable medicinal plants collection and conservation practices are strongly desirable. The long term management and sustainable use of theses important and globally rich plant resources will provide livelihood security of the targeted community for present and future generations of the area.

The present study was carried out in 2006-7 to explore and document ethnomedicinal profile and conservation status of Plant biodiversity in "Alexander the Great Valley" Hindukash range, District Shangla, Pakistan. It is one of world's most interesting and historical areas, not only for its natural resources and medicinal plant diversity but also for old relics or ruins of Alexander the Great that is attracting national and global interest. Study revealed that there were 32 medicinal plants belonging to 26 families. Herbaceous layer (19 species) were found to be the most used life forms followed by trees (6 species), shrubs (4 species), Climbers (2 species) and Saprophytes (1) in descending order. For knowing the ethno medicinal and socio economic profile of the people, a simple questionnaire was developed and filled through interviews. The botanical name, followed by local name, family, part used and ethnomedicinal uses in different folk was recorded. Present investigation confined to document medicinal uses of plants utilized by local peoples.

A comprehensive study was carried out during 2004- 2005 to elaborate the species diversity of medicinal flora of Changa Valley. The Study revealed that 41 medicinal plants, belonging to 30 families are used for various ailments. Out of which only two species belong to Pteridophytes. Herbs with 27 species were found to be the most used life forms followed by trees with 6 species, shrubs with 5 species and Climbers with 2 species in descending order. These plants resources have great ethanobotanical importance, especially used for curing various ailments through indigenous system of medicine. Some important medcinal plants of the area are Berberis lycium, Podopyllum hexandrum, Paeonia emodi, Viola serpense, valeriana jatamansi, Geranium wallichianum, Polygonatum verticillatum which are frequently used for tradition health care in the area but over collection and exploitation is one of the reason which have threatened certain species. There is override need of awareness program among the local community to protect the sustainable use of medicinal plants in the Valley.

Drawing on theories of postmodernist feminism and transnational migration, this book explores the lived experiences and migration narratives of seven Arab immigrant women in Halifax, Nova Scotia. By examining the gendered meanings and interactions which underpin discourses of family, community and citizenship in the womens lives, the author draws a diverse map of personal experiences of home and belonging in the Canadian and Maritime context. As migration shifts the terrain of patriarchy in various and often uneven ways, Abdul-Razzaq discusses how the women encounter new structural, social and gendered barriers and opportunities once in the host country. Simultaneously however, attachments to the sending country continue to contour the research subject's everyday experiences. Adopting an in-depth qualitative investigation of belonging, Abdul-Razzaq's ethnographic accounts effectively demonstrate how the process of migration creates important sites of difference and negotiation through which the women actively navigate their identities as immigrants/newcomers, citizens, workers, daughters, wives, and mothers.