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Mitigating the tyranny, a moral responsibility" takes basis in
Michael Walzer's description of "The Tyranny of War," where the
political decision makers are the tyrants who send soldiers into
the tyranny. When given the power to make such decisions, they also
have a moral responsibility to mitigate the tyranny. The first part
of the essay explains why the decision makers have this
responsibility, by referring to Michael Walzer's Just War Theory
and the threefold responsibility decision makers have in justifying
their decisions towards the international community - jus ad
bellum, in bello and post bellum. Decision makers should also have
the same responsibility towards their soldiers who are the victims
of their decisions. This Just War Theory is further used to
underscore the complexity of the tyranny and to explain what the
mitigation of this encompasses. Although the military itself has a
responsibility to mitigate the tyranny, the decision makers'
responsibility lies in their awareness of, interest in and focus on
the military and the reality of the tyranny. Their role in the
mitigation of the tyranny is also to ensure the nation's support
and backing of their soldiers, their awareness and acknowledgement
of the soldiers effort and struggles in the threefold tyranny. The
second part of the essay discusses how the contemporary Norwegian
decision makers have allowed this sense of responsibility to
decline, thus not contributing to the mitigation of the tyranny.
Even though Norway is a nation in "deep peace" after the end of the
Cold War, the tyranny for the soldiers are still present through
numerous force commitments in UN and NATO operations.
Sports are a peaceful tool for international affairs that the
United States can use to foster relations throughout the world. The
US State Department has used sports to bridge opposing governments
on the long road to formal diplomatic relations. The US State
Department has recently put new emphasis into the program with
significant results. Along the same lines, the US military has had
athletic relations with various countries through the International
Military Sports Council. The military, under direction of the US
State Department have used sports to enhance relationships
throughout the world. Historically, nations have used sports and
their appeal as a method to further political agendas. The most
notable application of politics through sports is the Olympic
Games. Various nations have used the Olympics Games to further
international politics throughout history and the Games will remain
a major player in the future. Like any other diplomatic endeavor,
there are always issues that could derail efforts. Issues such as
drug abuse, cheating in sports, and violence associated with sports
are major issues that can potentially undermine diplomacy efforts
through sports.
It is incumbent upon the state to gain support for national
objectives. Employment of instruments of power is designed to
influence other nations and organizations to respond favorably.
Therefore, impacting the decision making process is the underlying
principle for IOP power projection and highlights the psychological
element. During a period of declining resources and increased world
competition, the United States must find new ways to reach out and
promote American interests. In order to maximize the impact and
exploit the influence events create, joint planning and interagency
coordination of psychological operations are critical. The current
ad hoc interagency coordination and joint planning process do not
maximize the psychological factors' impact and fully exploit its
asymmetrical influence on a target audience's decision making
process. Traditional views towards concepts, particularly military
PSYOP, do not lead to the innovative solutions demanded by an
environment of declining funds and resources. This study recognizes
the multidimensional aspect of military PSYOP and calls for
redefining an area of operations that has changed little over the
years. Additionally, the establishment of an organization
responsible for the development of a national marketing strategy
integrating all IOPs to achieve objectives beyond the tactical
level is advocated. Reviewing subject matter literature from the
last forty years provided the project's basis for concepts relating
to PSYOP and the Soviet missile gap deception case study. Internet
searches, interviews, and recent literature brought current issues
to light and developed a picture of U.S. organizations involved in
influencing target audiences.
Effective response requires the performance of several basic
functions: emergency command and control, notification and
communication systems for responders and the public, emergency
assessment, mitigation of hazardous conditions, and protective
actions for emergency responders and the public.1 These words from
the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
highlight the consequence management challenges responders face
every day. The addition of radiological contamination from a
Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) significantly complicates
these challenges and raises the stakes in terms of risk to
emergency responders themselves and to the public at large. This
paper will discuss and analyze these challenges and make
recommendations for improving preparedness.
After five years in Iraq, the United Statesis looking fora better
way to conductcounterinsurgency operations. The successful
employment of the"BasilanModel"inthe Muslim-dominated region of the
southern Philippines offers valuable insights in combating
insurgents who use terrorism to achieve their goals. Senior
policy-makers can, andshould, use this model in otherconflicts, but
must first understandthe conditions that allowed for its successand
either replicate them or construct conditions that create the same
effects. Thiscase study analyzes the "conditions" surrounding Joint
Task Force (JTF) 510's strategy in Operation
EnduringFreedom-Philippines (OEF-P). Understanding whyand how the
model was successfulallows commandersand policy-makers to make more
informed decisions in combating terrorismand avoid the
costlymistakes encountered in Iraqand Afghanistan.Theresults of
this study reveal thatspecificpre-conditions enabled the success of
JTF-510 and that other conditions, consciously developed,
facilitated operationsin a positivemanner. The pre-conditions
in-place beforeJTF-510 arrived included along-standing
U.S.-Philippine partnership, high English language proficiency,
favorable geography, and a conflictarguably characterized as a
cultural versus a religious insurgency. Of the conditions
consciously developed by JTF-510'sleadership, the decision to limit
troop presence, maintaina "low-profile," restrict the rules of
engagement, and properly recognize the conflict as an insurgency
fromthe start helped overcome many of the challenges encountered
inIraq and Afghanistan. Together, theseconditions allowedthis joint
venture withtheArmed Forcesof thePhilippines (AFP) to remove the
terrorist threat from Basilan Island.The results, however,
alsoshowthe model's inabilityto effectively address government
reform and stopwidespread corruption, which essentially limitsthe
permanency of this victoryin the Philippines.
The war will be a tedious one, nor can it be glorious, even tho'
attended with success. Instead of decisive battles, woodland
skirmishes; instead of colours and a cannon, our trophies will be
stinking scalps. Heaven preserve you my friend, from a war
conducted by a spirit of murder rather than a brave and generous
offense. A British military officer wrote this well-spoken
statement to a friend fighting in North America in 1763. The
feelings of this author highlight the traditional military
indifference of United States military professionals as applied to
Counter-Insurgency (COIN) operations.
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was a genius at the tactical and
operational levels of war and is one of the Great Captains in
military history. Although, he is generally regarded as a great
tactician, even by his critics, there has been considerable debate
on whether he was a great operational and grand strategist. In
order to truly measure a commander's status in military history,
one must look not only at his success or failure on the battlefield
but also at the circumstances that remain outside his control. This
paper demonstrates that on the operational level Erwin Rommel
should most certainly be included with the great captains of the
ages and there is also strong evidence that he had a deep sense of
grand strategy. In order to demonstrate these points, this paper
will concentrate on Rommel's leadership during his vaunted desert
campaign.
Landstuhl Regional Medical Center provides outstanding care to
patients evacuated from Iraq and Afghanistan. Patients receive
further treatment while awaiting evacuation back to the United
States. PROBLEM: Landstuhl, as capable as it is, reaches a
threshold of effectiveness around a census of 100 medical/surgical
patients. New capabilities and processes require development to
optimize Landstuhl's effectiveness. METHODS: Statistical analysis
showed the effects at Landstuhl of large numbers of casualties
experienced downrange. Case studies of emergency direct aeromedical
evacuation from the Middle East to the United States showed the
feasibility of using this as a method to bypass Landstuhl when
reaching the limits of its capabilities. Analysis of current
aeromedical policies and procedures help to develop the
communications and coordination required it initiate a bypass
mission. FINDINGS: The USAF is tactically capable of direct Middle
East to the United States aeromedical evacuation. However, its
impact on global mobility would require judicious use of the
method. CONCLUSIONS: Direct flights from the Middle East to the
United States would help alleviate patient census at Landstuhl,
given the casualties numbers from past battles in Iraq and
Afghanistan. In the case of a concerted enemy effort to inflict
harm on US military members in the Middle East, this method alone
would not completely alleviate a bottleneck at Landstuhl and
further means of increasing capabilities in Europe require more
exploration.
This research provides evidence that preemptive employment of an
electromagnetic pulse device by a rogue state over US
pre-positioned forces could have deleterious effects on US
first-strike capability, resulting in decreased US regional combat
power while degrading, delaying, and possibly deterring further US
action. Additionally, it presents a series of measures for
preventing, preparing for, and protecting US deployed forces
against an asymmetric electromagnetic pulse (EMP) threat. While the
United States remains the sole conventional military superpower in
the World, potential adversaries will seek ways to counter her
dominance. The preemptive use of an electromagnetic pulse weapon
over pre-deployed US forces is capable of silencing, permanently
degrading, or destroying sensitive electronics prevalent in modern
US military hardware. Current neglect of nuclear hardening
practices, acquisition of electronically sensitive
commercial-off-the-shelf components for US military hardware, and
the lack of a firm US EMP retaliation policy make nuclear EMP a
particularly attractive weapon-of-choice. This research concludes
that the potential impacts to US pre-deployed forces from a
preemptive EMP attack would be unacceptable; ultimately degrading,
delaying, and possibly deterring the United States from further
action against the offending nation. Furthermore, the US military
can no longer remain reactive to the threat of EMP attack; instead
it must adopt a proactive program of prevention, protection, and
policy for her military forces. Through selective shielding of
tactical systems, hardness assuredness programs, organic missile
defense, and a concrete policy for US response, the United States
can better guarantee the survival and combat effectiveness of her
deployed military.
Telecommuting is a management tool. Currently, both the civilian
sector and the government sector offer telecommuting to its
employees. There are certain advantages and disadvantages to both
the employer and the employee in a telecommuting arrangement. As
background, this paper will define telecommuting, detail the status
of telecommuting within the United States Air Force (USAF), and
review potential advantages and disadvantages to the USAF offering
a telecommuting program to its active duty (AD) personnel. This
thesis of this paper is to recommend that USAF organizational
leadership implement a pilot telecommuting program. Further, this
thesis challenges USAF leadership to contemplate the moral
dimension when deciding to use telecommuting as a management tool.
This thesis will assert that morality suggests that USAF leadership
is obligated to offer telecommuting as an employment option to its
professionals and in particular to certain AD personnel working in
certain positions.
A system of biblical theology known as dispensationalism is
premised on the continuing validity of Jehovah's promise to Abraham
of the land of Palestine to his physical descendants, the Jews.
This paper demonstrates to what extent this theological system
informs the thinking of very significant figures on the American
cultural and political scene, potentially subordinating legitimate
US strategic interests to a dogmatic worldview based on a flawed
system of biblical interpretation. It further demonstrates that
America's pro-Zionist policies have significantly influenced Usama
bin Laden to wage his jihad against the United States. The author
concludes by making recommendations designed to remove US interests
vis- -vis Israel from the realm of sentiment and dogma to that of
realpolitick, with the potential for significantly reducing the
terrorist threat to US citizens.
The basic investigation of this paper is the dilemma of balancing
military effectiveness versus moral righteousness. There are times
when our military is called upon to perform tasks that when
executed may violate our personal morals, customary law or even
international law. This balance is particularly difficult in times
of extreme crises where national decisions are clouded with more
emotion than reason. Just war theory is a well traditioned doctrine
used to guide moral reasoning in deciding to conduct war and in the
actual conduct of war. There are times, however, where just war
theory is overridden or even ignored in the name of perceived
greater justice. One such doctrine that allows for an exception to
just war theory and its restraints on war is the supreme emergency
doctrine proposed by prominent moral theorist Michael Walzer. A
clear and present danger to the U.S. today is the threat of a
catastrophic terrorist attack with weapons of mass destruction
(WMD). This type of threat may qualify as a supreme emergency, even
more so immediately after a successful terrorist attack occurs.
This "worst case" scenario poses the basic question: What are
legitimate U.S. responses to this action? The historical example of
the supreme emergency exemption seems to suggest that very few
restraints of war cannot be overridden, therefore leaving every
option still on the table to national leadership and military
planners. This is not the case in today's environment as the just
war theory principles of discrimination and proportionality should
not be violated regardless of the atrocities committed against the
U.S. To violate sacred just war theory principles such as
noncombatant immunity would be to forfeit the very American ideals
and rights that a campaign of terrorism response would aim to
protect. This paper will research the supreme emergency exemption
from just war theory as it applies to a terrorist WMD attack on the
U.S. scenario. It will first review the strateg cont
The Air Force invested $16M in NASA's X-37 program and will have
exclusive testing of two of these space platforms in FY 2001/2002.
The platform will test new remotely controlled platforms for space
launch and space presence that is a joint military and commercial
project. This paper will describe the capabilities, dimensions, and
concept of operations for the platform. The paper also addresses
the need to leverage and nurture commercial technology for the Air
Force to remain in the lead on the technological front. Finally,
the paper will address the potential warfighter needs of the space
platform to satisfy the Air Forces core competencies and allow the
fielded combat commander the ability to directly control and use
this future asset.
In this paper, the author used Mary Douglas' group/grid typology
model for framing culture to describe the strategic implications of
culture and culture's response to a changing global context. The
author then applied these concepts to analyze the effect of
cultural change in China and its implications for current and
future US-China relations. Through this analysis, the author
revealed important differences in cultural prespective between
China and the US, encouraging different solutions to the common
strategic problems of security and prosperity and, thus,
potentially causing misperceptions and dangerous miscalculations in
policy.
The Battle of the Coral Sea, the first Naval engagement fought
exclusively between Naval Air forces, was a pivotal battle of the
war in the Pacific. Although considered a Japanese tactical
victory, it was the beginning of the end of Japan's war effort.
This analysis examines this decisive battle from the Japanese
perspective. The critical analysis will include a summary of the
reasons why the battle unfolded as it did, and will draw
conclusions as to how the Japanese may have been more successful
both strategically and tactically in this key battle of World War
II.
The purpose of this research is to examine the possible scenarios
of the demise of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK).
How will it most likely come about, its consequences to the region
and its impact to U.S. military involvement in another Korean
peninsula conflict. I will focus on Korean history, current
geopolitical situation with the DPRK and its neighbors, and three
potential socioeconomic outcomes from worst case/best hope/probable
outcome of the collapse of the Kim Jong Il regime. This research is
important to future planners of the 21st century U.S. military as
it fights the global war on terror because it provides forewarning
of potentially overextending U.S. forces in too many areas to
effectively deal with a potential massive conventional war.
Exploring these possible outcomes provides a valuable planning tool
to prepare for the worst-case scenario. I anticipate this research
will contribute to a greater understanding of the costs involved to
fight a protracted conventional war, possibly to include the use of
WMD where victory will more than likely come at a higher price than
that of Iraq.
The ability to deliver weapons systems and the increased
capabilities of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has sparked debate
on their ability to conduct forward air controller (airborne)
(FAC(A)) operations.
Lieutenant General Harold G. "Hal" Moore (USA ret) is, by many
standards, one of the finest battlefield commanders the US Army,
and the nation, has ever had. From humble beginnings in Bardstown,
Kentucky, to the unforgiving conflict in the highlands of central
Vietnam, Moore is the finest example of the ethical and
professional soldier. His abilities seemed almost unnatural at
times as he faced some of the greatest dangers man could conceive
while remaining focused and calm. People like General Moore are not
built overnight. He is the product of many years of education,
influence and trial which would, to his credit, culminate in the
man who was able to keep his promise to his troopers of never
leaving one of them behind on any battlefield - POW or MIA. This
biography of Hal Moore will show how his unwavering faith in God,
adherence to self discipline, and motivation towards always doing
the right thing gave the United States one of its most
professional, moral and accomplished leaders in history. For this
and other reasons Lieutenant General Moore's example and exploits
should be taught to every officer and enlisted person of the United
States Military whether Air Force, Marine, Army, Navy or Coast
Guard, regardless of their age or position.
This paper focuses on expansion of emerging non-traditional
intelligence collection capabilities into the electromagnetic
spectrum. While Non-Traditional Intelligence, Surveillance, and
Reconnaissance (NTISR) collection in current operations has proven
beneficial to intelligence and operational entities alike, focus to
date has been solely on imagery collection. Breakthroughs in
digital receiver technology have enabled strike aircraft
capabilities to collect and preserve electronic emitter data not
possible in the past. With advancements in network-centric warfare
(NCW) capabilities and communications links, correlation of data
collected by these assets with traditional sources can be conducted
near-real-time. Development efforts and demonstrations have proven
successful; the next step is integration into current intelligence
collection processes to support future operations. With the
undeniable shortage of airborne intelligence assets and shrinking
budgets, funds for additional collection platforms are
non-existent. Through minimal investment in enabling technologies,
emerging capabilities such as these can supplement the overworked
ISR workforce in the near-term, prior to fielding of
next-generation platform capabilities. These technologies are
force-multipliers, not only refining targeting efforts, but also
improving intelligence collection persistence and access as well. A
thorough examination of existing intelligence collection and
targeting processes is necessary to integrate these capabilities
into the air and space arena, with resulting recommendations
provided.
Since the instauration of the International Criminal Tribunal of
Rwanda in 1994, too much hope has been laid on the judicial system
to reconcile the opposing factions and lay the grounds for long
term peace and stability in the Great Lakes Region of Africa.
However, a close look at the current situation in and around Rwanda
reveals that, although necessary, this particular mechanism does
not address some of the real causes of conflict and discontent
within the region. Worse yet, it could even have exacerbated the
inter-ethnic tensions by putting society in a vicious circle of
never ending accusations and promoting a culture of revenge and
retribution. This is not to say that the judiciary process is not
necessary as it is crucial to eradicate tyranny and the culture of
impunity. However, to reach reconciliation, one has to look beyond
retributive justice and search closer and deeper into the Rwandan
society for the many problems that are holding its people from
accepting each other and healing the wounds of the past. The best
place to start is to study the pre-genocide conditions, compare
them to the current context and then conclude the right mechanisms
and strategies to bring peace and solidarity. To say the least, a
more comprehensive path to peace and reconciliation must take into
considerations the political, social, economic and security issues
not only in Rwanda but within the whole interlacustrine region.
The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of
no-fly zones and to assess the contextual factors that influence
success. The measures of success for the no-fly zones are: a)
achievement of air objectives b) congruency between air objectives
and higher level objectives, and c) actual effects of each no-fly
zone on higher level objectives and a desired end state. The air
objectives of each no-fly zone has been to prevent flights of all
aircraft not in support of the allied forces, to protect civilians
from aerial bombardment, and to provide air supremacy for other
missions. The no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina achieved limited
success in achieving air objectives, while the two no-fly zones
over Iraq have been very successful. The air objectives of each
no-fly zone have been congruent with national objectives. The
success of the November 1995 negotiations in Dayton, Ohio is
testament to the positive progress toward all of the long term
objectives for Bosnia-Herzegovina. The long term effects of
operations in Iraq are unclear. To overcome limitations imposed by
the physical environment, proper synchronization between all forces
will be essential. Rules of engagement for military operations
should simplify coordination, integration, and identification among
forces so that execution can be decentralized. The long term impact
of U.S. military presence in the Gulf should be studied further. If
ending the oppression of the Shiites in southern Iraq is a U.S.
objective, then a reevaluation of the forces in theater is
necessary. This study supports the hypothesis that no-fly zones are
an effective strategy for U.S. forces.
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