Mitigating the tyranny, a moral responsibility" takes basis in Michael Walzer's description of "The Tyranny of War," where the political decision makers are the tyrants who send soldiers into the tyranny. When given the power to make such decisions, they also have a moral responsibility to mitigate the tyranny. The first part of the essay explains why the decision makers have this responsibility, by referring to Michael Walzer's Just War Theory and the threefold responsibility decision makers have in justifying their decisions towards the international community - jus ad bellum, in bello and post bellum. Decision makers should also have the same responsibility towards their soldiers who are the victims of their decisions. This Just War Theory is further used to underscore the complexity of the tyranny and to explain what the mitigation of this encompasses. Although the military itself has a responsibility to mitigate the tyranny, the decision makers' responsibility lies in their awareness of, interest in and focus on the military and the reality of the tyranny. Their role in the mitigation of the tyranny is also to ensure the nation's support and backing of their soldiers, their awareness and acknowledgement of the soldiers effort and struggles in the threefold tyranny. The second part of the essay discusses how the contemporary Norwegian decision makers have allowed this sense of responsibility to decline, thus not contributing to the mitigation of the tyranny. Even though Norway is a nation in "deep peace" after the end of the Cold War, the tyranny for the soldiers are still present through numerous force commitments in UN and NATO operations.

Sports are a peaceful tool for international affairs that the United States can use to foster relations throughout the world. The US State Department has used sports to bridge opposing governments on the long road to formal diplomatic relations. The US State Department has recently put new emphasis into the program with significant results. Along the same lines, the US military has had athletic relations with various countries through the International Military Sports Council. The military, under direction of the US State Department have used sports to enhance relationships throughout the world. Historically, nations have used sports and their appeal as a method to further political agendas. The most notable application of politics through sports is the Olympic Games. Various nations have used the Olympics Games to further international politics throughout history and the Games will remain a major player in the future. Like any other diplomatic endeavor, there are always issues that could derail efforts. Issues such as drug abuse, cheating in sports, and violence associated with sports are major issues that can potentially undermine diplomacy efforts through sports.

It is incumbent upon the state to gain support for national objectives. Employment of instruments of power is designed to influence other nations and organizations to respond favorably. Therefore, impacting the decision making process is the underlying principle for IOP power projection and highlights the psychological element. During a period of declining resources and increased world competition, the United States must find new ways to reach out and promote American interests. In order to maximize the impact and exploit the influence events create, joint planning and interagency coordination of psychological operations are critical. The current ad hoc interagency coordination and joint planning process do not maximize the psychological factors' impact and fully exploit its asymmetrical influence on a target audience's decision making process. Traditional views towards concepts, particularly military PSYOP, do not lead to the innovative solutions demanded by an environment of declining funds and resources. This study recognizes the multidimensional aspect of military PSYOP and calls for redefining an area of operations that has changed little over the years. Additionally, the establishment of an organization responsible for the development of a national marketing strategy integrating all IOPs to achieve objectives beyond the tactical level is advocated. Reviewing subject matter literature from the last forty years provided the project's basis for concepts relating to PSYOP and the Soviet missile gap deception case study. Internet searches, interviews, and recent literature brought current issues to light and developed a picture of U.S. organizations involved in influencing target audiences.

Effective response requires the performance of several basic functions: emergency command and control, notification and communication systems for responders and the public, emergency assessment, mitigation of hazardous conditions, and protective actions for emergency responders and the public.1 These words from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements highlight the consequence management challenges responders face every day. The addition of radiological contamination from a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) significantly complicates these challenges and raises the stakes in terms of risk to emergency responders themselves and to the public at large. This paper will discuss and analyze these challenges and make recommendations for improving preparedness.

The war will be a tedious one, nor can it be glorious, even tho' attended with success. Instead of decisive battles, woodland skirmishes; instead of colours and a cannon, our trophies will be stinking scalps. Heaven preserve you my friend, from a war conducted by a spirit of murder rather than a brave and generous offense. A British military officer wrote this well-spoken statement to a friend fighting in North America in 1763. The feelings of this author highlight the traditional military indifference of United States military professionals as applied to Counter-Insurgency (COIN) operations.

Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was a genius at the tactical and operational levels of war and is one of the Great Captains in military history. Although, he is generally regarded as a great tactician, even by his critics, there has been considerable debate on whether he was a great operational and grand strategist. In order to truly measure a commander's status in military history, one must look not only at his success or failure on the battlefield but also at the circumstances that remain outside his control. This paper demonstrates that on the operational level Erwin Rommel should most certainly be included with the great captains of the ages and there is also strong evidence that he had a deep sense of grand strategy. In order to demonstrate these points, this paper will concentrate on Rommel's leadership during his vaunted desert campaign.

Landstuhl Regional Medical Center provides outstanding care to patients evacuated from Iraq and Afghanistan. Patients receive further treatment while awaiting evacuation back to the United States. PROBLEM: Landstuhl, as capable as it is, reaches a threshold of effectiveness around a census of 100 medical/surgical patients. New capabilities and processes require development to optimize Landstuhl's effectiveness. METHODS: Statistical analysis showed the effects at Landstuhl of large numbers of casualties experienced downrange. Case studies of emergency direct aeromedical evacuation from the Middle East to the United States showed the feasibility of using this as a method to bypass Landstuhl when reaching the limits of its capabilities. Analysis of current aeromedical policies and procedures help to develop the communications and coordination required it initiate a bypass mission. FINDINGS: The USAF is tactically capable of direct Middle East to the United States aeromedical evacuation. However, its impact on global mobility would require judicious use of the method. CONCLUSIONS: Direct flights from the Middle East to the United States would help alleviate patient census at Landstuhl, given the casualties numbers from past battles in Iraq and Afghanistan. In the case of a concerted enemy effort to inflict harm on US military members in the Middle East, this method alone would not completely alleviate a bottleneck at Landstuhl and further means of increasing capabilities in Europe require more exploration.

This research provides evidence that preemptive employment of an electromagnetic pulse device by a rogue state over US pre-positioned forces could have deleterious effects on US first-strike capability, resulting in decreased US regional combat power while degrading, delaying, and possibly deterring further US action. Additionally, it presents a series of measures for preventing, preparing for, and protecting US deployed forces against an asymmetric electromagnetic pulse (EMP) threat. While the United States remains the sole conventional military superpower in the World, potential adversaries will seek ways to counter her dominance. The preemptive use of an electromagnetic pulse weapon over pre-deployed US forces is capable of silencing, permanently degrading, or destroying sensitive electronics prevalent in modern US military hardware. Current neglect of nuclear hardening practices, acquisition of electronically sensitive commercial-off-the-shelf components for US military hardware, and the lack of a firm US EMP retaliation policy make nuclear EMP a particularly attractive weapon-of-choice. This research concludes that the potential impacts to US pre-deployed forces from a preemptive EMP attack would be unacceptable; ultimately degrading, delaying, and possibly deterring the United States from further action against the offending nation. Furthermore, the US military can no longer remain reactive to the threat of EMP attack; instead it must adopt a proactive program of prevention, protection, and policy for her military forces. Through selective shielding of tactical systems, hardness assuredness programs, organic missile defense, and a concrete policy for US response, the United States can better guarantee the survival and combat effectiveness of her deployed military.

Telecommuting is a management tool. Currently, both the civilian sector and the government sector offer telecommuting to its employees. There are certain advantages and disadvantages to both the employer and the employee in a telecommuting arrangement. As background, this paper will define telecommuting, detail the status of telecommuting within the United States Air Force (USAF), and review potential advantages and disadvantages to the USAF offering a telecommuting program to its active duty (AD) personnel. This thesis of this paper is to recommend that USAF organizational leadership implement a pilot telecommuting program. Further, this thesis challenges USAF leadership to contemplate the moral dimension when deciding to use telecommuting as a management tool. This thesis will assert that morality suggests that USAF leadership is obligated to offer telecommuting as an employment option to its professionals and in particular to certain AD personnel working in certain positions.

A system of biblical theology known as dispensationalism is premised on the continuing validity of Jehovah's promise to Abraham of the land of Palestine to his physical descendants, the Jews. This paper demonstrates to what extent this theological system informs the thinking of very significant figures on the American cultural and political scene, potentially subordinating legitimate US strategic interests to a dogmatic worldview based on a flawed system of biblical interpretation. It further demonstrates that America's pro-Zionist policies have significantly influenced Usama bin Laden to wage his jihad against the United States. The author concludes by making recommendations designed to remove US interests vis- -vis Israel from the realm of sentiment and dogma to that of realpolitick, with the potential for significantly reducing the terrorist threat to US citizens.

The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of no-fly zones and to assess the contextual factors that influence success. The measures of success for the no-fly zones are: a) achievement of air objectives b) congruency between air objectives and higher level objectives, and c) actual effects of each no-fly zone on higher level objectives and a desired end state. The air objectives of each no-fly zone has been to prevent flights of all aircraft not in support of the allied forces, to protect civilians from aerial bombardment, and to provide air supremacy for other missions. The no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina achieved limited success in achieving air objectives, while the two no-fly zones over Iraq have been very successful. The air objectives of each no-fly zone have been congruent with national objectives. The success of the November 1995 negotiations in Dayton, Ohio is testament to the positive progress toward all of the long term objectives for Bosnia-Herzegovina. The long term effects of operations in Iraq are unclear. To overcome limitations imposed by the physical environment, proper synchronization between all forces will be essential. Rules of engagement for military operations should simplify coordination, integration, and identification among forces so that execution can be decentralized. The long term impact of U.S. military presence in the Gulf should be studied further. If ending the oppression of the Shiites in southern Iraq is a U.S. objective, then a reevaluation of the forces in theater is necessary. This study supports the hypothesis that no-fly zones are an effective strategy for U.S. forces.

The Air Force invested $16M in NASA's X-37 program and will have exclusive testing of two of these space platforms in FY 2001/2002. The platform will test new remotely controlled platforms for space launch and space presence that is a joint military and commercial project. This paper will describe the capabilities, dimensions, and concept of operations for the platform. The paper also addresses the need to leverage and nurture commercial technology for the Air Force to remain in the lead on the technological front. Finally, the paper will address the potential warfighter needs of the space platform to satisfy the Air Forces core competencies and allow the fielded combat commander the ability to directly control and use this future asset.

In this paper, the author used Mary Douglas' group/grid typology model for framing culture to describe the strategic implications of culture and culture's response to a changing global context. The author then applied these concepts to analyze the effect of cultural change in China and its implications for current and future US-China relations. Through this analysis, the author revealed important differences in cultural prespective between China and the US, encouraging different solutions to the common strategic problems of security and prosperity and, thus, potentially causing misperceptions and dangerous miscalculations in policy.

The Battle of the Coral Sea, the first Naval engagement fought exclusively between Naval Air forces, was a pivotal battle of the war in the Pacific. Although considered a Japanese tactical victory, it was the beginning of the end of Japan's war effort. This analysis examines this decisive battle from the Japanese perspective. The critical analysis will include a summary of the reasons why the battle unfolded as it did, and will draw conclusions as to how the Japanese may have been more successful both strategically and tactically in this key battle of World War II.

This paper focuses on expansion of emerging non-traditional intelligence collection capabilities into the electromagnetic spectrum. While Non-Traditional Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (NTISR) collection in current operations has proven beneficial to intelligence and operational entities alike, focus to date has been solely on imagery collection. Breakthroughs in digital receiver technology have enabled strike aircraft capabilities to collect and preserve electronic emitter data not possible in the past. With advancements in network-centric warfare (NCW) capabilities and communications links, correlation of data collected by these assets with traditional sources can be conducted near-real-time. Development efforts and demonstrations have proven successful; the next step is integration into current intelligence collection processes to support future operations. With the undeniable shortage of airborne intelligence assets and shrinking budgets, funds for additional collection platforms are non-existent. Through minimal investment in enabling technologies, emerging capabilities such as these can supplement the overworked ISR workforce in the near-term, prior to fielding of next-generation platform capabilities. These technologies are force-multipliers, not only refining targeting efforts, but also improving intelligence collection persistence and access as well. A thorough examination of existing intelligence collection and targeting processes is necessary to integrate these capabilities into the air and space arena, with resulting recommendations provided.

The purpose of this research is to examine the possible scenarios of the demise of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). How will it most likely come about, its consequences to the region and its impact to U.S. military involvement in another Korean peninsula conflict. I will focus on Korean history, current geopolitical situation with the DPRK and its neighbors, and three potential socioeconomic outcomes from worst case/best hope/probable outcome of the collapse of the Kim Jong Il regime. This research is important to future planners of the 21st century U.S. military as it fights the global war on terror because it provides forewarning of potentially overextending U.S. forces in too many areas to effectively deal with a potential massive conventional war. Exploring these possible outcomes provides a valuable planning tool to prepare for the worst-case scenario. I anticipate this research will contribute to a greater understanding of the costs involved to fight a protracted conventional war, possibly to include the use of WMD where victory will more than likely come at a higher price than that of Iraq.

The ability to deliver weapons systems and the increased capabilities of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has sparked debate on their ability to conduct forward air controller (airborne) (FAC(A)) operations.

Lieutenant General Harold G. "Hal" Moore (USA ret) is, by many standards, one of the finest battlefield commanders the US Army, and the nation, has ever had. From humble beginnings in Bardstown, Kentucky, to the unforgiving conflict in the highlands of central Vietnam, Moore is the finest example of the ethical and professional soldier. His abilities seemed almost unnatural at times as he faced some of the greatest dangers man could conceive while remaining focused and calm. People like General Moore are not built overnight. He is the product of many years of education, influence and trial which would, to his credit, culminate in the man who was able to keep his promise to his troopers of never leaving one of them behind on any battlefield - POW or MIA. This biography of Hal Moore will show how his unwavering faith in God, adherence to self discipline, and motivation towards always doing the right thing gave the United States one of its most professional, moral and accomplished leaders in history. For this and other reasons Lieutenant General Moore's example and exploits should be taught to every officer and enlisted person of the United States Military whether Air Force, Marine, Army, Navy or Coast Guard, regardless of their age or position.

After five years in Iraq, the United Statesis looking fora better way to conductcounterinsurgency operations. The successful employment of the"BasilanModel"inthe Muslim-dominated region of the southern Philippines offers valuable insights in combating insurgents who use terrorism to achieve their goals. Senior policy-makers can, andshould, use this model in otherconflicts, but must first understandthe conditions that allowed for its successand either replicate them or construct conditions that create the same effects. Thiscase study analyzes the "conditions" surrounding Joint Task Force (JTF) 510's strategy in Operation EnduringFreedom-Philippines (OEF-P). Understanding whyand how the model was successfulallows commandersand policy-makers to make more informed decisions in combating terrorismand avoid the costlymistakes encountered in Iraqand Afghanistan.Theresults of this study reveal thatspecificpre-conditions enabled the success of JTF-510 and that other conditions, consciously developed, facilitated operationsin a positivemanner. The pre-conditions in-place beforeJTF-510 arrived included along-standing U.S.-Philippine partnership, high English language proficiency, favorable geography, and a conflictarguably characterized as a cultural versus a religious insurgency. Of the conditions consciously developed by JTF-510'sleadership, the decision to limit troop presence, maintaina "low-profile," restrict the rules of engagement, and properly recognize the conflict as an insurgency fromthe start helped overcome many of the challenges encountered inIraq and Afghanistan. Together, theseconditions allowedthis joint venture withtheArmed Forcesof thePhilippines (AFP) to remove the terrorist threat from Basilan Island.The results, however, alsoshowthe model's inabilityto effectively address government reform and stopwidespread corruption, which essentially limitsthe permanency of this victoryin the Philippines.

The basic investigation of this paper is the dilemma of balancing military effectiveness versus moral righteousness. There are times when our military is called upon to perform tasks that when executed may violate our personal morals, customary law or even international law. This balance is particularly difficult in times of extreme crises where national decisions are clouded with more emotion than reason. Just war theory is a well traditioned doctrine used to guide moral reasoning in deciding to conduct war and in the actual conduct of war. There are times, however, where just war theory is overridden or even ignored in the name of perceived greater justice. One such doctrine that allows for an exception to just war theory and its restraints on war is the supreme emergency doctrine proposed by prominent moral theorist Michael Walzer. A clear and present danger to the U.S. today is the threat of a catastrophic terrorist attack with weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This type of threat may qualify as a supreme emergency, even more so immediately after a successful terrorist attack occurs. This "worst case" scenario poses the basic question: What are legitimate U.S. responses to this action? The historical example of the supreme emergency exemption seems to suggest that very few restraints of war cannot be overridden, therefore leaving every option still on the table to national leadership and military planners. This is not the case in today's environment as the just war theory principles of discrimination and proportionality should not be violated regardless of the atrocities committed against the U.S. To violate sacred just war theory principles such as noncombatant immunity would be to forfeit the very American ideals and rights that a campaign of terrorism response would aim to protect. This paper will research the supreme emergency exemption from just war theory as it applies to a terrorist WMD attack on the U.S. scenario. It will first review the strateg cont

Since the instauration of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda in 1994, too much hope has been laid on the judicial system to reconcile the opposing factions and lay the grounds for long term peace and stability in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. However, a close look at the current situation in and around Rwanda reveals that, although necessary, this particular mechanism does not address some of the real causes of conflict and discontent within the region. Worse yet, it could even have exacerbated the inter-ethnic tensions by putting society in a vicious circle of never ending accusations and promoting a culture of revenge and retribution. This is not to say that the judiciary process is not necessary as it is crucial to eradicate tyranny and the culture of impunity. However, to reach reconciliation, one has to look beyond retributive justice and search closer and deeper into the Rwandan society for the many problems that are holding its people from accepting each other and healing the wounds of the past. The best place to start is to study the pre-genocide conditions, compare them to the current context and then conclude the right mechanisms and strategies to bring peace and solidarity. To say the least, a more comprehensive path to peace and reconciliation must take into considerations the political, social, economic and security issues not only in Rwanda but within the whole interlacustrine region.