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Recent important discoveries and developments in nanotechnology
have had a remarkable and ever-increasing impact on many
industries, especially materials science, pharmaceuticals, and
biotechnology. Nanocarriers have been investigated for a wide
variety of different medical applications. Some examples of these
nanocarriers include polymersomes, liposomes, micelles and
carbon-based nanomaterials. Within this book, the authors describe
different features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), survey the
properties of both the multi-walled and single-walled varieties,
and cover their applications in drug and gene delivery. In
addition, the book explains the structure and properties of CNTs
prepared by different method, and discussed their isolation and
purification. The future of CNTs in the field of biomedical science
will depend on minimizing their adverse effects by careful study of
their structure and properties.
Recent important discoveries and developments in nanotechnology
have had a remarkable and ever-increasing impact on many
industries, especially materials science, pharmaceuticals, and
biotechnology. Nanocarriers have been investigated for a wide
variety of different medical applications. Some examples of these
nanocarriers include polymersomes, liposomes, micelles and
carbon-based nanomaterials. Within this book, the authors describe
different features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), survey the
properties of both the multi-walled and single-walled varieties,
and cover their applications in drug and gene delivery. In
addition, the book explains the structure and properties of CNTs
prepared by different method, and discussed their isolation and
purification. The future of CNTs in the field of biomedical science
will depend on minimizing their adverse effects by careful study of
their structure and properties.
The concept of smart drug delivery vehicles involves designing and
preparing a nanostructure (or microstructure) that can be loaded
with a cargo, this can be a therapeutic drug, a contrast agent for
imaging, or a nucleic acid for gene therapy. The nanocarrier serves
to protect the cargo from degradation by enzymes in the body, to
enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, to extend the
circulation half-life, and to enhance its penetration and
accumulation at the target site. Importantly, smart nanocarriers
can be designed to be responsive to a specific stimulus, so that
the cargo is only released or activated when desired. In this
volume we cover smart nanocarriers that respond to externally
applied stimuli that usually involve application of physical
energy. This physical energy can be applied from outside the body
and can either cause cargo release, or can activate the
nanostructure to be cytotoxic, or both. The stimuli covered include
light of various wavelengths (ultraviolet, visible or infrared),
temperature (increased or decreased), magnetic fields (used to
externally manipulate nanostructures and to activate them),
ultrasound, and electrical and mechanical forces. Finally we
discuss the issue of nanotoxicology and the future scope of the
field.
The concept of smart drug delivery vehicles involves designing and
preparing a nanostructure (or microstructure) that can be loaded
with a cargo. This can be a therapeutic drug, a contrast agent for
imaging, or a nucleic acid for gene therapy. The nanocarrier serves
to protect the cargo from degradation by enzymes in the body, to
enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, to extend the
circulation half-life, and to enhance its penetration and
accumulation at the target site. Importantly, smart nanocarriers
can be designed to be responsive to a specific stimulus, so that
the cargo is only released or activated when desired. In this
volume we cover smart nanocarriers that respond to internal stimuli
that are intrinsic to the target site. These stimuli are specific
to the cell type, tissue or organ type, or to the disease state
(cancer, infection, inflammation etc). pH-responsive nanostructures
can be used for cargo release in acidic endosomal compartments, in
the lower pH of tumors, and for specific oral delivery either to
the stomach or intestine. Nanocarriers can be designed to be
substrates of a wide-range of enzymes that are over-expressed at
disease sites. Oxidation and reduction reactions can be taken
advantage of in smart nanocarriers by judicious molecular design.
Likewise, nanocarriers can be designed to respond to a range of
specific biomolecules that may occur at the target site. In this
volume we also cover dual and multi-responsive systems that combine
stimuli that could be either internal or external.
The concept of smart drug delivery vehicles involves designing and
preparing a nanostructure (or microstructure) that can be loaded
with a cargo, this can be a therapeutic drug, a contrast agent for
imaging, or a nucleic acid for gene therapy. The nanocarrier serves
to protect the cargo from degradation by enzymes in the body, to
enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, to extend the
circulation half-life, and to enhance its penetration and
accumulation at the target site. Importantly, smart nanocarriers
can be designed to be responsive to a specific stimulus, so that
the cargo is only released or activated when desired. In this
volume we cover smart nanocarriers that respond to externally
applied stimuli that usually involve application of physical
energy. This physical energy can be applied from outside the body
and can either cause cargo release, or can activate the
nanostructure to be cytotoxic, or both. The stimuli covered include
light of various wavelengths (ultraviolet, visible or infrared),
temperature (increased or decreased), magnetic fields (used to
externally manipulate nanostructures and to activate them),
ultrasound, and electrical and mechanical forces. Finally we
discuss the issue of nanotoxicology and the future scope of the
field.
The concept of smart drug delivery vehicles involves designing and
preparing a nanostructure (or microstructure) that can be loaded
with a cargo. This can be a therapeutic drug, a contrast agent for
imaging, or a nucleic acid for gene therapy. The nanocarrier serves
to protect the cargo from degradation by enzymes in the body, to
enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, to extend the
circulation half-life, and to enhance its penetration and
accumulation at the target site. Importantly, smart nanocarriers
can be designed to be responsive to a specific stimulus, so that
the cargo is only released or activated when desired. In this
volume we cover smart nanocarriers that respond to internal stimuli
that are intrinsic to the target site. These stimuli are specific
to the cell type, tissue or organ type, or to the disease state
(cancer, infection, inflammation etc). pH-responsive nanostructures
can be used for cargo release in acidic endosomal compartments, in
the lower pH of tumors, and for specific oral delivery either to
the stomach or intestine. Nanocarriers can be designed to be
substrates of a wide-range of enzymes that are over-expressed at
disease sites. Oxidation and reduction reactions can be taken
advantage of in smart nanocarriers by judicious molecular design.
Likewise, nanocarriers can be designed to respond to a range of
specific biomolecules that may occur at the target site. In this
volume we also cover dual and multi-responsive systems that combine
stimuli that could be either internal or external.
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