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Vaccination, chiefly responsible for the eradication of smallpox
and the control of poliomyelitis and German measles in man and of
foot-and mouth, Marek's and Newcastle disease in domestic animals,
remains the best answer to infectious diseases. Early vaccines were
live wild type organ isms but these have been largely replaced by
attenuated or killed organisms or by purified components (subunits)
thereof. More recently, developments in recombinant DNA techniques,
the advent of monoclonal antibodies and progress in our
understanding of the immunological structure of proteins, have laid
the foundations for a new generation of vaccines. For instance,
subuni t vaccines have been produced through gene cloning and a
number of peptides mimicking small regions of proteins on the outer
coat of viruses and capable of eliciting virus neutralizing
antibodies, have been synthes ized. Such vaccines are defined at
the molecular level, can elicit immune responses controlling
specific infectious organisms and are, thus, potent ially free of
the problems inherent in conventional ones. However, because
subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-immunogenic,
they re quire the presence of immunological adjuvants. These are a
diverse array of agents that promote specific humoural and/or
cell-mediated immunity responses to antigens. This book contains
the proceedings of the 1st NATO Advanced Studies Institute
"Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines" held in Cape Sounion Beach,
Greece during 24 June-5 July, 1988.
The success of vaccination in controlling infectious diseases is
well documented. However, low profitability, expense and liability
have hindered research and development of vaccines. Recently,
increasing realization (enhanced by the AIDS pandemic) of the need
to overcome such difficulties has led to steps being taken by
national authorities, non-profit and commercial organizations to
resolve them. This has been facilitated by developments in
recombinant DNA techniques, the advent of monoclonal anti bodies
and progress in the understanding of the immunological structure of
proteins which have laid the foundation of a new generation of
vaccines. Such vaccines are defined at the molecular level, can
elicit immune responses controlling infectious organisms and are
therefore potentially free of the problems encountered in
conventional ones. Unfortunately, subunit and synthetic peptide
vaccines are often only weakly or non inmunogenic. However,
developments in both antigen production and immuno potentiation of
weak antigens have opened new avenues with exciting prospects for
vaccine design.
It is widely accepted that vaccination still renains the best
answer to ITDst infectious diseases. Recently, vaccine developnent
has been greatly facilitated by advances in ITDlecular and cell
biology which have laid the foundations of a new generation of
vaccines. '!hese are exemplified by submit vaccines produced
through gene cloning and synthetic peptides mimicking snall regions
of proteins on the outer coat of viruses and capable of eliciting
virus neutralizing antibodies. However, submit and peptide vaccines
are only weakly or non-inmmogenic in the absence of immunological
adjuvants. The latter are a diverse array of agents that augment
specific cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens and the
formation of protective antibodies. '!his book contains the
proceedings of the 3rd NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI)
"New-Generation vaccines: '!he Role of Basic Irrmmology" held at
Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June-5 July, 1992. It deals
with recent developnents in the understanding of inmmity at the
ITDlecular and cellular levels and the application of such
knowledge in the search for novel inmmological adjuvants and the
fonnulation of new-generation vaccines for experimental and
clinical use. We express our appreciation to Professor K. Dalsgaard
and H. Snippe for their cooperation in planning the ASI and to Mrs.
Concha Perring for her excellent production of the manu- scripts.
'!he ASI was held tmder the sponsorship of NATO Scientific Affairs
Division and generously co-sponsored by SrnithKline Beecham
Pharmaceuticals (Fhiladelp,. ia). Financial assistance was also
provided by Pasteur Merieux (Marcy L'Etoile), British Biotechnology
Ltd.
The NATO Advanced Studies Institute series "Targeting of Drugs" was
originated in 1981. It is now a major international forum, held
every two years in Cape Sounion, Greece, in which the present and
the future of this important area of research in drug carriers is
discussed in great depth. Four previous ASls of the series dealt
with drug carriers of natural and synthetic origin, their
interaction with the biological milieu and with ways by which the
latter influences such interaction. The present book contains the
proceedings of the 5th NATO ASI "Targeting of Drugs: Optimization
Strategies" held in Cape Sounion during 24 June-5 July, 1989. A
logical sequel to the last one, the ASI deals with strategies by
which milieu inter- ference curtailing the function of drug
carriers is circumvented or removed. We express our appreciation to
Drs. R. Langer and E. Tomlinson for their valuable advice
throughout the planning of the ASI and to Dr. G. Deliconstantinos
who, as Chairman of the Local Committee contributed so effectively
to its success. The ASI was held under the sponsorship of NATO
Scientific Affairs Division and co-sponsored and generously
financed by Smith Kline French Laboratories (now SmithKline
Beecham), Philadelphia, USA. Financial assistance was also provided
by CIBA Geigy (Horsham), Schering (West Berlin), Farmitalia Carlo
Erba (Milan), Liposome Technology Inc. (Menlo Park), Pfizer
(Sandwich), Dior (Paris), Syntex Research (Palo Alto), ICI
Pharmaceuticals (Mereside), Boehringer (Mannheim) , Wyeth (Taplow),
Merck Sharp Dohme (Rahway), Sandoz A.G. (Basle) and Lilly Research
Centre Ltd.
During the last decade or so vaccine development has been
facilitated by rapid advances in molecular and cell biology. These
have laid the foundations of a new generation of vaccines
exemplified by subunit vaccines produced through gene cloning and
by synthetic peptides mimicking small regions of proteins on the
outer coat of viruses. Such peptide~ are capable of eliciting
virus-neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, subunit and peptide
vaccines are only weakly or non immunogenic in the absence of
immunological adjuvants that are known to augment specific
cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens and to promote the
formation of protective antibodies. This book contains the
proceedings of the 4th NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI)
"Vaccines: New Generation Immunological Adjuvants" held at Cape
Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June -5 . July 1994 and deals in
depth with both theoretical and practical aspects of vaccinology.
These include the role of antigen presenting cells in the induction
of immune responses. immunopotentiation by a variety of new
generation immunological adjuvants and vaccine carriers. and recent
advances and perspectives in experimental vaccines as well as
vaccinatioll with nucleic acids. We express our appreciation to Dr.
K. Dalsgaard and Dr. J. L. Virelizier for their cooperatioll in
planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Pening for her excellent
production of the manuscripts. The ASI was held under the
sponsorship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously
co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia).
During the last decade or so vaccine development has been
facilitated by rapid ad- vances in the molecular and cell biology
ofthe immune system. This has laid the foundations of a new
generation of vaccines exemplified by subunit vaccines produced
through gene cloning and by synthetic peptides mimicking small
regions ofproteins on the outer coat ofvi- ruses. However, as
subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-immunogenic,
there is areal need for strategies to improve their potency. This
book contains the proceedings of the 5th NATO Advanced Studies
Institute (ASI), "Vaccine Design: The Role of Cytokine Networks,"
held at Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June-5 July 1996 and
deals in depth with the role ofbasic immunology in the regulation
of immunity and vaccine design. Special emphasis is given to the
use of cyto- kines in conjuction with vaccines with the aim
ofimproving their potency or the use ofvac- cines designed to
improve cytokine production. We express our appreciation to Dr.
J.-L. Virelizier and Dr. G. Kollias for their cooperation in
planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Perring for her excellent
production ofthe manuscripts. The ASI was held under the sponsor-
ship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously
co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia).
Financial assistance was also provided by Connaught Laboratories
Ltd. (Ontario), Pasteur Merieux (Marcy I 'Etoile), Biochine
(Siena), Help SA (Athens), and Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.
(Birmingham, USA).
During the last decade or so vaccine development has been
facilitated by rapid advances in molecular and cell biology. These
have laid the foundations of a new generation of vaccines
exemplified by subunit vaccines produced through gene cloning and
by synthetic peptides mimicking small regions of proteins on the
outer coat of viruses. Such peptide~ are capable of eliciting
virus-neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, subunit and peptide
vaccines are only weakly or non immunogenic in the absence of
immunological adjuvants that are known to augment specific
cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens and to promote the
formation of protective antibodies. This book contains the
proceedings of the 4th NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI)
"Vaccines: New Generation Immunological Adjuvants" held at Cape
Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June -5 . July 1994 and deals in
depth with both theoretical and practical aspects of vaccinology.
These include the role of antigen presenting cells in the induction
of immune responses. immunopotentiation by a variety of new
generation immunological adjuvants and vaccine carriers. and recent
advances and perspectives in experimental vaccines as well as
vaccinatioll with nucleic acids. We express our appreciation to Dr.
K. Dalsgaard and Dr. J. L. Virelizier for their cooperatioll in
planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Pening for her excellent
production of the manuscripts. The ASI was held under the
sponsorship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously
co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia).
During the last decade or so vaccine development has been
facilitated by rapid ad- vances in the molecular and cell biology
ofthe immune system. This has laid the foundations of a new
generation of vaccines exemplified by subunit vaccines produced
through gene cloning and by synthetic peptides mimicking small
regions ofproteins on the outer coat ofvi- ruses. However, as
subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-immunogenic,
there is areal need for strategies to improve their potency. This
book contains the proceedings of the 5th NATO Advanced Studies
Institute (ASI), "Vaccine Design: The Role of Cytokine Networks,"
held at Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June-5 July 1996 and
deals in depth with the role ofbasic immunology in the regulation
of immunity and vaccine design. Special emphasis is given to the
use of cyto- kines in conjuction with vaccines with the aim
ofimproving their potency or the use ofvac- cines designed to
improve cytokine production. We express our appreciation to Dr.
J.-L. Virelizier and Dr. G. Kollias for their cooperation in
planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Perring for her excellent
production ofthe manuscripts. The ASI was held under the sponsor-
ship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously
co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia).
Financial assistance was also provided by Connaught Laboratories
Ltd. (Ontario), Pasteur Merieux (Marcy I 'Etoile), Biochine
(Siena), Help SA (Athens), and Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.
(Birmingham, USA).
Dendritic Cells in the Induction of Immunity.- Escape Mechanisms of
Viruses from Immune Responses and Their Relevance to Vaccine
Design.- Enhanced Immunogenicity of Recombinant and Synthetic
Peptide Vaccines.- Immunomodulation by Adjuvants.- Use of Syntex
Adjuvant Formulation to Enhance Immune Responses to Viral
Antigens.- Influenza Vaccines and the Wyeth-Ayerst Experience with
Syntex Adjuvant.- Nonionic Block Polymer Surfactants as Adjuvants
in Vaccines.- Effects of Added Cytokines on Immune Responses and
Memory.- The Assessment and Use of Adjuvants.- Efficient
Anti-Idiotypic Immunization with Homologous, Virus Neutralizing
Monoclonal Antibodies Conjugated with KLH and Combined with Quil
A.- Protein Conformation Affects the Efficacy of Pertussis
Vaccines.- Vaccination Against Epstein-Barr Virus.- Adenovirus
Vectored Vaccines.- Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections of
Children.- Current Progress and Future Trends in Birth Control
Vaccines.- Contributors.
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