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In the ten years since the first publication on PCR (Saiki et al. ,
1985), this in vitro method of nucleic acid replication and
modification has grown to rival in popularity traditional
microbiological, genetical und technical procedures for cloning,
sequencing, gene detecting and related procedures. To date the PCR
literature has emphasized six main areas of application: genetic
mapping, detection of mutations, genetic polymorphism,
transcriptional splicing and regulation, molecular virology and
quantitative procedures. The overwhelming focus of quantification
of DNA or RNA by PCR has been on human microbiology and oncological
problems. The exquisite sensitivity of PCR gives this method the
ability to detect extremely rare DNAs, mRNAs, mRNAs in small
numbers of cells or in small amounts of tissue, and mRNAs expressed
in mixed-cell populations. However, the exact and accurate
quantification of specific nucleic acids in biological samples is
in spite of numerous publications in that field still a general
problem: during the peR process, an unknown initial number of
target sequences are used as a template from which a large quantity
of specific product can be obtained. Although the amount of product
formed is easy to determine, it is difficult to deduce the initial
copy number of the target molecule because the efficiency of the
peR is largely unknown.
In 1985, Kary Mullis was driving late at night through the
flowering buckeye to the ancient California redwood forest,
cogitating upon new ways to sequence DNA. Instead he came upon a
way to double the number of specific DNA modules, and to repeat the
process essentially indefinitely. 1 He thought of using two
oligonucleotide sequences, oppositely oriented, and a DNA
polymerase enzyme, to double the number of DNA targets. Each
product would thene become the target for the next reaction,
effectively yielding a product which doubled in quantity with each
repeated cycle. Like the chain reaction leading to nuclear fission,
with each cycle event each initial reactant (neutron or DNA
molecule) yields two similar products, each of which can serve as
the initial reactant. The invention of this exponentially
increasing amplification system quickly became known as the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The tremendous sensitivity of PCR
ultimately resides in the necessity for each of two specific
oligonucleotide annealing reactions to occur at the same time in
the proper orientation. The DNA annealing reaction is a very
specific reaction. Single genes have been detected by hybridization
of a DNA probe to chromosome preparations together with sensitive
fluorescence microscopy. This is the equivalent to detecting a gene
present in a single copy per cell genome. It is the combination of
two such specific annealing reactions which makes possible the
amplification needed to detect a single molecule with a specific
DNA sequence in over 100,000 cell genomes.
PCR, developed at Cetus Corporation/USA by Henry A. Erlich, Kary
Mullis and Randall K. Saiki, is a very simple method for amplifying
nucleic acids in vitro. The realization of this idea bases on the
repetition of a set of three different temperatures and yields an
increase of the target structure up to a factor of 106 to 1012.
Therefore, this technique is predisposed for safe analysis and
characterization of DNA and RNA sequences of interest, even where
the starting amount of material is enormously small. Because of its
sensitivity, speed and versatility this method is particularly
suitable for investigations of oncogenes, tumor associated
translocations, retroviral sequences, lymphokines and mainly the
broad field of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of nervous
system. PCR seems to be the technique which could overcome the two
most important problems in that field: very small amount of
material combined with the necessity of rapid diagnostic procedures
in inflammatory infections. "PCR topics" will give an actual
overview of basic and applied research fields on usage of
polymerase chain reaction. All contributions to this book have been
presented at an international congress on "Usage of Polymerase
chain reaction in genetic and infectious diseases" which took place
in june 1990 in Berlin. The editors wish to thank all participants
for their contributions. We offer our thanks and gratitude to our
coworkers and especially to our technical assistents Barbara
Trampenau, Mirjana Wiirdemann and Hannelore Leonhard.
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