The kidney is innervated with efferent sympathetic nerve fibers reaching the renal vasculature, the tubules, the juxtaglomerular granular cells, and the renal pelvic wall. The renal sensory nerves are mainly found in the renal pelvic wall. Increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity reduce renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion by activation of 1-adrenoceptors and increase renin secretion rate by activation of 1-adrenoceptors. In response to normal physiological stimulation, changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity contribute importantly to homeostatic regulation of sodium and water balance. The renal mechanosensory nerves are activated by stretch of the renal pelvic tissue produced by increases in renal pelvic tissue of a magnitude that may occur during increased urine flow rate. Under normal conditions, the renal mechanosensory nerves activated by stretch of the sensory nerves elicits an inhibitory renorenal reflex response consisting of decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity leading to natriuresis. Increasing efferent sympathetic nerve activity increases afferent renal nerve activity which, in turn, decreases efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by activation of the renorenal reflexes. Thus, activation of the afferent renal nerves buffers changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the overall goal of maintaining sodium balance. In pathological conditions of sodium retention, impairment of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes contributes to an inappropriately increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the presence of sodium retention. In states of renal disease or injury, there is a shift from inhibitory to excitatory reflexes originating in the kidney. Studies in essential hypertensive patients have shown that renal denervation results in long-term reduction in arterial pressure, suggesting an important role for the efferent and afferent renal nerves in hypertension.

In the mid-1990s new treatment options introduced a new era of AIDS. This book is a sophisticated study of the shaping of this new era. Well informed by ethnographic as well as statistical data, it reveals the complex and ambiguous processes of change in the field of HIV/AIDS and beyond. The investigation leads from the changing conceptions of disease and body to the re-defined roles of patients and physicians, and eventually treats the shifts in the production and diffusion of knowledge that the health care system underwent. In doing so, the book captures the new era of AIDS from multiple perspectives and through the voices of physicians as well as people with HIV. It offers an accessible and engaging account of the wide-ranging responses this illness caused.

As an original and timely contribution to questions of considerable currency in medicine and the social sciences, the book meets the interests of specialists, professionals, researchers and students alike.

In the mid-1990s new treatment options introduced a new era of AIDS. This book is a sophisticated study of the shaping of this new era. Well informed by ethnographic as well as statistical data, it reveals the complex and ambiguous processes of change in the field of HIV/AIDS and beyond. The investigation leads from the changing conceptions of disease and body to the re-defined roles of patients and physicians, and eventually treats the shifts in the production and diffusion of knowledge that the health care system underwent. In doing so, the book captures the new era of AIDS from multiple perspectives and through the voices of physicians as well as people with HIV. It offers an accessible and engaging account of the wide-ranging responses this illness caused.

As an original and timely contribution to questions of considerable currency in medicine and the social sciences, the book meets the interests of specialists, professionals, researchers and students alike.

The kidney is innervated with efferent sympathetic nerve fibers reaching the renal vasculature, the tubules, the juxtaglomerular granular cells, and the renal pelvic wall. The renal sensory nerves are mainly found in the renal pelvic wall. Increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity reduce renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion by activation of 1-adrenoceptors and increase renin secretion rate by activation of 1-adrenoceptors. In response to normal physiological stimulation, changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity contribute importantly to homeostatic regulation of sodium and water balance. The renal mechanosensory nerves are activated by stretch of the renal pelvic tissue produced by increases in renal pelvic tissue of a magnitude that may occur during increased urine flow rate. Under normal conditions, the renal mechanosensory nerves activated by stretch of the sensory nerves elicits an inhibitory renorenal reflex response consisting of decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity leading to natriuresis. Increasing efferent sympathetic nerve activity increases afferent renal nerve activity which, in turn, decreases efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by activation of the renorenal reflexes. Thus, activation of the afferent renal nerves buffers changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the overall goal of maintaining sodium balance. In pathological conditions of sodium retention, impairment of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes contributes to an inappropriately increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the presence of sodium retention. In states of renal disease or injury, there is a shift from inhibitory to excitatory reflexes originating in the kidney. Studies in essential hypertensive patients have shown that renal denervation results in long-term reduction in arterial pressure, suggesting an important role for the efferent and afferent renal nerves in hypertension.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Informatik - Wirtschaftsinformatik, Note: 6.0 (=1.0), Universitat Liechtenstein, fruher Hochschule Liechtenstein (Wirtschaftsinformatik), Veranstaltung: Design Science Research, Sprache: Deutsch, Anmerkungen: Authoren: Stefan Bauert, Andreas Grunbecken, Christian Kopp, Christian Mohr, Abstract: In der IT-Branche erreichen rund 70% aller initiierten Projekte die definierten Ziele nicht. Zudem verstarkt die kontinuierliche Anpassung der IT an den Anforderungen aus dem Business (IT-Alignment) den Druck auf die IT-Budgets. Daruber hinaus werden in ausgewahlten Branchen (z.B. Finanzsektor) ca. 50 % des knappen Budgets in Projekte mit unklarem Wertbeitrag investiert. Die Entscheidung, die richtigen" IT-Projekte durchzufuhren wird, unter Berucksichtigung der begrenzten IT-Budgets immer wichtiger. Laut Gartner-Group gehort die effiziente Fuhrung eines IT-Projektportfolios zu den Grundaufgaben einer jeden Unternehmung. Dennoch wird aktuell dem IT-Projektportfolio-Manangement relativ wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Durch einen standardisierten IT-Projektportfolioprozess erreichen, laut einer Studie der META Group, 25 % von 2000 befragten CIOs eine IT-Effizienzsteigerung von 20-25%. Neben der Erhohung der Wirtschaftlichkeit fuhrt der zielgerichtete Einsatz von ITProjektportfolio-Management zu einer effizienten Planung, fortlaufender Kontrolle und erfolgreichem Abschluss von IT-Projekten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird auf die theoretischen Grundlagen des IT-Projektportfolio-Management eingegangen. Hierbei folgt eine Darstellung der Zusammenhange und Abgrenzung zwischen den Disziplinen Portfolio-, Programm- und Projektmanagement. Nach der Erarbeitung eines unternehmensweiten Ordnungsrahmens fur das IT-Projektportfolio-Management wird auf ausgewahlte Prozessbausteine und deren Methoden zur Umsetzung detailliert eingegangen. Dabei werden aktuelle Verfahrensmodelle der betrieblichen Praxis betrachtet und Schwachstellen kritisch beleucht