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Logic Primer presents a rigorous introduction to natural deduction systems of sentential and first-order logic. Logic Primer presents a rigorous introduction to natural deduction systems of sentential and first-order logic. The text is designed to foster the student-instructor relationship. The key concepts are laid out in concise definitions and comments, with the expectation that the instructor will elaborate upon them. New to the second edition is the addition of material on the logic of identity in chapters 3 and 4. An innovative interactive Web site, consisting of a "Logic Daemon" and a "Quizmaster," encourages students to formulate their own proofs and links them to appropriate explanations in the book.
Computers are already approving financial transactions, controlling
electrical supplies, and driving trains. Soon, service robots will
be taking care of the elderly in their homes, and military robots
will have their own targeting and firing protocols. Colin Allen and
Wendell Wallach argue that as robots take on more and more
responsibility, they must be programmed with moral decision-making
abilities, for our own safety. Taking a fast paced tour through the
latest thinking about philosophical ethics and artificial
intelligence, the authors argue that even if full moral agency for
machines is a long way off, it is already necessary to start
building a kind of functional morality, in which artificial moral
agents have some basic ethical sensitivity. But the standard
ethical theories don't seem adequate, and more socially engaged and
engaging robots will be needed. As the authors show, the quest to
build machines that are capable of telling right from wrong has
begun.
The heart of this book is the reciprocal relationship between philosophical theories of mind and empirical studies of animal cognition. Colin Allen (a philosopher) and Marc Bekoff (a cognitive ethologist) approach their work from a perspective that considers arguments about evolutionary continuity to be as applicable to the study of animal minds and brains as they are to comparative studies of kidneys, stomachs, and hearts. Cognitive ethologists study the comparative, evolutionary, and ecological aspects of the mental phenomena of animals. Philosophy can provide cognitive ethology with an analytical basis for attributing cognition to nonhuman animals and for studying it, and cognitive ethology can help philosophy to explain mentality in naturalistic terms by providing data on the evolution of cognition. This interdiscipinary approach reveals flaws in common objections to the view that animals have minds. The heart of the book is this reciprocal relationship between philosophical theories of mind and empirical studies of animal cognition. All theoretical discussion is carefully tied to case studies, particularly in the areas of antipredatory vigilance and social play, where there are many points of contact with philosophical discussions of intentionality and representation. Allen and Bekoff make specific suggestions about how to use philosophical theories of intentionality as starting points for empirical investigation of animal minds, and they stress the importance of studying animals other than nonhuman primates.
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