|
Showing 1 - 6 of
6 matches in All Departments
Biological markers (biomarkers) are useful tools for understanding
the nature and extent of human exposure and risk from environmental
toxicants. Biomarkers are classified into three basic categories:
exposure, effect, or susceptibility. A marker of exposure is the
product of the interaction between a target cell or molecule and a
foreign substance (NAS, 1989). These markers can be used to
determine the biologically effective dose necessary to elicit a
particular physiological change in an organism. A marker of effect
is a biochemical or physiological change in an organism that can
predict the onset of adverse health effects resulting from a given
exposure. Lastly, markers of susceptibility act as indicators of an
inherent or acquired tendency of an organism to experience an
adverse health effect (NAS, 1989). These markers are already used
to detect a variety of diseases and show great promise for
developing a better understanding of the mechanicisms of disease.
Additionally, biomarkers can be used to establish a more rational
basis for quantitative risk extrapolation between species, as weIl
as to obtain more precise estimates of the time of critical
exposure. These markers can also prove helpful in identifying
potentially damaging exposures before the onset of adverse health
effects. Biomarkers serve as a valuable exposure assessment tool
because they take into account exposure from all routes and
integrate exposure from all sources. They have the potential to
yield better risk estimates than current monitoring and modeling
protocols. In lune 1992, Dr. Travis and Dr.
Cybernetics, a science concerned with understanding how systems are
regulated, has reflected the preoccupations of the century in which
it was born. Regulation is important in twentieth century society,
where both machines and social organizations are complex.
Cybernetics focused on and became primarily associated with the
homeostasis or stability of system behavior and with the negative
feedbacks that stabilize systems. It paid less attention to the
processes opposite to negative feedback, the positive feedback
processes that act to change systems. We attempt to redress the
balance here by illustrating the enormous importance of positive
feedbacks in natural systems. In an article in the American
Scientist in 1963, Maruyama called for increased attention to this
topic, noting that processes of change could occur when a
"deviation in anyone component of the system caused deviations in
other components that acted back on the first component to
reinforce of amplify the initial deviation." The deviation
amplification is the result of positive feedback among system
components. Maruyama demonstrated by numerous examples that the
neglect of such processes was unjustified and suggested that a new
branch of cybernetics, "the second cybernetics," be devoted to
their study.
Biological markers (biomarkers) are useful tools for understanding
the nature and extent of human exposure and risk from environmental
toxicants. Biomarkers are classified into three basic categories:
exposure, effect, or susceptibility. A marker of exposure is the
product of the interaction between a target cell or molecule and a
foreign substance (NAS, 1989). These markers can be used to
determine the biologically effective dose necessary to elicit a
particular physiological change in an organism. A marker of effect
is a biochemical or physiological change in an organism that can
predict the onset of adverse health effects resulting from a given
exposure. Lastly, markers of susceptibility act as indicators of an
inherent or acquired tendency of an organism to experience an
adverse health effect (NAS, 1989). These markers are already used
to detect a variety of diseases and show great promise for
developing a better understanding of the mechanicisms of disease.
Additionally, biomarkers can be used to establish a more rational
basis for quantitative risk extrapolation between species, as weIl
as to obtain more precise estimates of the time of critical
exposure. These markers can also prove helpful in identifying
potentially damaging exposures before the onset of adverse health
effects. Biomarkers serve as a valuable exposure assessment tool
because they take into account exposure from all routes and
integrate exposure from all sources. They have the potential to
yield better risk estimates than current monitoring and modeling
protocols. In lune 1992, Dr. Travis and Dr.
Evaluation of Flat versus Complex Terrain Models in Estimating
Pollutant Transport and Deposition in Complex Terrain; M.W.
Yambert, et al. Small Particle Deposition in Air Quality Modeling;
R. Kapahi. Accounting for Wet Deposition in Incinerator Risk
Assessments; A.A. Campbell, et al. Accounting for Dry Deposition in
Incinerator Risk Assessments; C.C. Travis, et al. Gas-Particle
Distribution and Atmospheric Deposition of Semivolatile Organic
COmpounds; T.F. Bidleman. An Overview of Food Chain Impacts from
Municipal Waste Combustion; H.A. Hattemer-Frey, et al. Current
Studies on Human Exposure to Chemicals with Emphasis on the Plant
Route; S. Paterson, et al. Airto-Leaf Transfer of Organic Vapors to
Plants; E. Bacci, et al. Uptake of Organic Contaminants by Plants;
C. Mc Farlane. Uncertainties in Estimating Chemical Degradation and
Accumulation in the Environment; S.T. Washburn, et al. The Food
Chain as a Source of Human Exposure from Municipal Waste
Combustion: An Uncertainty Analysis; G. Belcher, et al. Assessing
Multiple Pathway Exposures: Variability, Uncertainty, and
Ignorance; T.E. McKone. Uncertainty Analysis: An Essential
Component of Risk Assessment and Risk Management; R. Tyler, et al.
3 additional articles. Index.
This much-needed book provides an enlightening perspective on the
environmental and human health impacts of municipal solid waste
(MSW) incineration. Over 100 tables and figures allows speedy
access to important data you will refer to again and again. The
comprehensive text assesses the human health risks associated with
exposure to facility emitted pollutants-especially the highly toxic
dioxin. It includes an evaluation of multipathway (inhalation and
food chain) exposures. This essential publication also evaluates
facility emissions, plausible air concentrations, the potential for
deposition of pollutants onto plant, soil, and water surfaces, the
movement and accumulation of pollutants through environmental
media, and the potential for human exposure. Health Effects of
Municipal Waste Incineration is an up-to-date volume which
encourages readers to formulate opinions about some of the
fundamental issues affecting the management of municipal solid
waste. Anyone involved with environmental science, hazardous waste,
toxicology, risk analysis and/or environmental engineering will
certainly value and utilize this well-written resource.
|
You may like...
Loot
Nadine Gordimer
Paperback
(2)
R398
R330
Discovery Miles 3 300
|