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Intended as an essential introduction to philanthropy, this book
provides a balanced, analytical, interdisciplinary overview of a
complex, and often controversial, topic. Using case studies to
illustrate the narrative, it covers everything from the history of
individual, sometimes eccentric, philanthropists, to the
controversies and challenges of 'philanthrocapitalism'. This book
explores philanthropists and their motivations: who are they and
why do they give their money away? It explains what philanthropy
does: its history and scope, and the impacts it has in areas such
as science and the arts. The governance of philanthropy is
explored: how decisions are reached about donations and their
accountability. The book addresses the major controversies
surrounding philanthropy, and discusses the difficulties involved
in giving and receiving, e.g. the importance of ensuring that these
processes are transparent and accountable. Lastly, the book
considers the future of philanthropy, especially its changing role
in society and the disruptive impact of digital technologies. Given
its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers
interested in philanthropy, innovation and entrepreneurship, the
motivations for individual and corporate donations, and the
business of giving in general.
Intended as an essential introduction to philanthropy, this book
provides a balanced, analytical, interdisciplinary overview of a
complex, and often controversial, topic. Using case studies to
illustrate the narrative, it covers everything from the history of
individual, sometimes eccentric, philanthropists, to the
controversies and challenges of 'philanthrocapitalism'. This book
explores philanthropists and their motivations: who are they and
why do they give their money away? It explains what philanthropy
does: its history and scope, and the impacts it has in areas such
as science and the arts. The governance of philanthropy is
explored: how decisions are reached about donations and their
accountability. The book addresses the major controversies
surrounding philanthropy, and discusses the difficulties involved
in giving and receiving, e.g. the importance of ensuring that these
processes are transparent and accountable. Lastly, the book
considers the future of philanthropy, especially its changing role
in society and the disruptive impact of digital technologies. Given
its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers
interested in philanthropy, innovation and entrepreneurship, the
motivations for individual and corporate donations, and the
business of giving in general.
China's extraordinary economic development is explained in large
part by the way it innovates. Contrary to widely held views,
China's innovation machine is not created and controlled by an
all-powerful government. Instead, it is a complex, interdependent
system composed of various elements, involving bottom-up innovation
driven by innovators and entrepreneurs and highly pragmatic and
adaptive top-down policy. Using case studies of leading firms and
industries, along with statistics and policy analysis, this book
argues that China's innovation machine is similar to a natural
ecosystem. Innovations in technology, organization, and business
models resemble genetic mutations which are initially random,
self-serving, and isolated, but the best fitting are selected by
the market and their impacts are amplified by the innovation
machine. This machine draws on China's multitude manufacturers,
supply chains, innovation clusters, and digitally literate
population, connected through super-sized digital platforms.
China's innovation suffers from a lack of basic research and
reliance upon certain critical technologies from overseas, yet its
scale (size) and scope (diversity) possess attributes that make it
self-correcting and stronger in the face of challenges. China's
innovation machine is most effective in a policy environment where
the market prevails; policy intervention plays a significant role
when market mechanisms are premature or fail. The future success of
China's innovation will depend on continuing policy pragmatism,
mass innovation, and entrepreneurship, and the development of the
'new infrastructures'.
The innovation process is the most important of all business
processes. Innovation is the means by which value is constructed
and efficiencies are created. It is the source of sustainable
competitive advantage. This book shows how the innovation process
is changing profoundly. Part of the change results from the
application of new technologies to the innovation process itself. A
new category of technology has emerged which we call 'innovation
technology'. This includes simulation and modelling, visualization,
and rapid prototyping technologies. When used effectively,
innovation technology makes the innovation process more economical
and ameliorates some of its uncertainties. These technological
changes are accompanied by changing organization structures and
skills requirements. The technologies are used in fast moving,
creative environments and are suited to project-based organization.
They also require the development of new 'craft' skills to realize
the possibilities created by the new 'code'. The book outlines a
new way of thinking about innovation. Traditional definitions of
'research', 'development' and 'engineering', imply a progressive
linearity which doesn't exist in reality. They are also associated
with organizational departments, which are breaking down where once
they existed, and are in any case non-existent in the vast majority
of firms. They also fail to capture the central importance of
design in innovation. We propose a new schema for the innovation
process: Think, Play, Do. Innovation requires creating new ideas
and thinking about new options, playing with them to see if they
are practical, economical and marketable, and then doing: making
the innovation real. This new schema captures the emerging
innovation process using a more contemporary idiom. The book
reports in-depth studies from a number of companies and sectors.
Major case studies of Procter and Gamble and Arup Partners are
presented. It reports on the use of innovation technology in a
range of other companies and organizations, from pharmaceuticals in
GSK, to engineering design in Ricardo engineering , and welding in
TWI. We describe how innovation technology is used in traditional
industries, such as in mining, and in public projects, such as the
development of London's traffic congestion charge and the
stabilization of the leaning tower of Pisa.
What is innovation? How is innovation used in business? How can we
use it to succeed? Innovation, the ways ideas are made valuable,
plays an essential role in economic and social development, and is
an increasingly topical issue. Over the last 150 years our world
has hit an accelerated rate of transformation. From aeroplanes to
television and penicillin, and from radios to frozen food and
digital money, the fruits of innovation surround us. This Very
Short Introduction looks at what innovation is and why it affects
us so profoundly. It examines how it occurs, who stimulates it, how
it is pursued, and what its outcomes are, both positive and
negative. Considering innovation today, and discussing future
disruptive technologies such as AI, which have important
implications for work and employment, Mark Dodgson and David Gann
consider the extent to which our understanding of innovation has
developed over the past century and how it might be used to
interpret the global economy. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short
Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds
of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books
are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our
expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and
enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly
readable.
The innovation process is the most important of all business
processes. Innovation is the means by which value is constructed
and efficiencies are created. It is the source of sustainable
competitive advantage. This book shows how the innovation process
is changing profoundly. Part of the change results from the
application of new technologies to the innovation process itself. A
new category of technology has emerged which we call 'innovation
technology'. This includes simulation and modelling, visualization,
and rapid prototyping technologies. When used effectively,
innovation technology makes the innovation process more economical
and ameliorates some of its uncertainties. These technological
changes are accompanied by changing organization structures and
skills requirements. The technologies are used in fast moving,
creative environments and are suited to project-based organization.
They also require the development of new 'craft' skills to realize
the possibilities created by the new 'code'. The book outlines a
new way of thinking about innovation. Traditional definitions of
'research', 'development' and 'engineering', imply a progressive
linearity which doesn't exist in reality. They are also associated
with organizational departments, which are breaking down where once
they existed, and are in any case non-existent in the vast majority
of firms. They also fail to capture the central importance of
design in innovation. We propose a new schema for the innovation
process: Think, Play, Do. Innovation requires creating new ideas
and thinking about new options, playing with them to see if they
are practical, economical and marketable, and then doing: making
the innovation real. This new schema captures the emerging
innovation process using a more contemporary idiom. The book
reports in-depth studies from a number of companies and sectors.
Major case studies of Procter and Gamble and Arup Partners are
presented. It reports on the use of innovation technology in a
range of other companies and organizations, from pharmaceuticals in
GSK, to engineering design in Ricardo engineering , and welding in
TWI. We describe how innovation technology is used in traditional
industries, such as in mining, and in public projects, such as the
development of London's traffic congestion charge and the
stabilization of the leaning tower of Pisa.
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