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The Company of Scotland was established by an act of parliament. It
planned a colony that would announce itself in a founding
declaration, and govern itself by a set of rules and ordinances.
These were the founding principles of a new society. Together with
basic ideas and practices in economics, politics, religion,
medicine, navigation and law, these principles were tested to
destruction. They are presented here as The Fundamentals of New
Caledonia - an historical fiction of a new world.
Contents: Preface. Foreword -Robin Nicholson. 1. Architectural Education and the Profession: preparing for the future -David Nicol and Simon Pilling. 2. The Changing context of professional practice -John Worthington. Section One: Communication - developing sensitivity to the needs of users and clients. Introduction. 3. Architectural assumptions and environmental discrimination - Ruth Morrow. 4. Seeing the world through another person's eyes -Robert Brown and Denitza Moreau Yates 5. Social practice - design and education in everyday life -Christopher Jarrett 6. The degree laboratory -Nick Callicott and Bob Sheil 7. Introducing clients and users into the studio project -Rachel Sara 8. The development of group working skills and role play -Judith Torrington 9. The 'real' client and the 'unreal' project -Prue Chiles 10. Reviewing the review -Margaret Wilkin 11. Introducing alternative formats for the design project review -Charles Doidge, Tim Brindley and Ross Willmott Section Two: Collaboration - Developing teamworking skills for practice Introduction. 12. Habits and habitats: interdisciplinary collaboration in a community architecture studio -Katerina Ruedi 13. Is working together working? -Jaki Howes 14. Developing skills with people -Angela Fisher 15. Integrated architectural design -Stirling Howieson 16. Achieving richness and diversity -Sandra Manley and Jim Claydon 17. Interdisciplinary working in built environment education -Gerard Wood Section Three: Life-Long Learning - developing independence in learning Introduction. 18. Learning in practice - retreat, opportunity or imperative -Judith Farren Bradley 19. The role of personal development plans and learning contracts in self-directed student learning -Derek Cottrell 20. Establishing and managing a student learning contract -Helena Webster 21. The student-led crit as a learning device -Rosie White Section Four: A Renewed Professionalism - embedding change in schools of architecture 22. Delight in transgression - shifting boundaries in architectural education -Leonie Milliner 23. Schools and practice in the United States -Robert Gutman 24. The design studio as a vehicle for change - Wendy Potts 25. Embedding change -George Henderson 26. The 'crit' as a ritualized legitimation procedure in architectural education -Hannah Vowles 27. Preparation and support of part-time teachers - designing a tutor training programme -Nicholas Weaver, Dave O'Reilly and Mary Caddick 28. Evaluation and feedback in architectural education -John Cowan Appendices 1. Workshop Plans: Teamwork
This illustrated study investigates the Indo-Islamic fighting men
of South Asia from the 7th century AD to the Mughal conquest of the
16th century. From 1206, much of what is now India as well as parts
of Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal were ruled by a succession of
Islamic dynasties that had their origins in the Ghurid forces that
conquered parts of northern India in the 12th century. Although it
was never complete, the Islamic domination of this huge region also
had a profound impact upon Islamic civilization as a whole, not
least in military terms, being felt as far west as Africa. Within
South Asia, the war-torn medieval centuries laid the foundations
for the subsequent even more brilliant Mughal Empire. Featuring
eight plates of superb artwork alongside carefully chosen
photographs and illustrations, this study complements the same
author's Medieval Indian Armies (1): Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. It
describes and illustrates the Indo-Islamic forces operating in
South Asia, from the Umayyad Caliphate’s frontier in
north-western India and Afghanistan in the late 7th century through
to the Delhi Sultanate, the Sultanate of Bengal and the Bahmani
Sultanate in the 15th and 16th centuries. David Nicolle explains
how, with respect to arms, armour, fortification and transport both
on land and at sea, the widely successful Muslim armies learned a
great deal from their more numerous Hindu, Jain and Buddhist
opponents. This was especially evident in developments such as the
use of war-elephants and the adoption of lighter, often
textile-based forms of protection such as ‘soft armour’ made of
cotton. On the other side, there would be widespread adoption of
more potent weapons such as the composite bow, and considerably
more sophisticated systems of cavalry warfare, among the
non-Islamic forces of the Indian sub-continent. Fully illustrated,
this absorbing account casts light on many centuries of warfare in
South Asia.
Architectural education is under pressure to meet the demands of an
evolving construction industry and to cater to the increasingly
varied career destinations of graduates. How should architectural
education respond to these professional challenges? How can
students be better prepared for professional practice? These
questions are the focus of this book, which brings together
contributions from a wide range of authors, from both the UK and
the USA, working in the fields of architectural education,
architectural practice and educational research.
The primary focus of this book is on the arms and armour of Europe,
but also included are neighbouring cultures where these had a
direct influence on developments and changes within Europe, from
late Roman cavalry armour, Byzantium and the East, to the influence
of the Golden Horde. A Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour covers
the entire period from the fifth to the fifteenth century, a
thousand years which saw huge changes in military technology in
most of the world's major civilisations. Arms and armour in Europe
are the principal focus of the studies, but those of neighbouring
civilisations, including the Byzantine Empire, eastern Europe, the
steppes and the Islamic world, are also investigated, both for the
impact upon them of European technological developments, and for
their influence upon developments within western Europe. Arms and
armour in Europe developed dramatically during the thousand years
from the fifth to the fifteenth century. During this broad sweep of
time civilisations rose and fell and population movements swept
from east to west, bringing in their wake advances and
modifications absorbed and expanded by indigenous populations. So
although the primary focus of this book is on the arms and armour
of Europe, it also includes neighbouring cultures where these had a
direct influence on developments and changes within Europe, from
late Roman cavalry armour, Byzantium and the Eastto the influence
of the Golden Horde. A truly impressive band of specialists cover
issues ranging from the migrations to the first firearms, divided
into three sections: From the Fall of Rome to the Eleventh Century,
Emergence ofA European Tradition in the High Middle Ages, and New
Influences and New Challenges of the Late Middle Ages; throughout
there is particular emphasis on the social and technological
aspects of medieval military affairs. Contributors: ANDREA BABUIN,
JON COULSTON, TIM DAWSON, CLAUDE GAIER, MICHAEL GORELIK, JOHN
HALDON, MARCO MORIN, HELMUT NICKEL, DAVID NICOLLE, EWART OAKESHOTT,
ANNE PEDERSON, SHIHAB AL-SARRAF, ALAN WILLIAMS.
The technological relationship between the three main civilizations
of the Western world - Byzantium, the Islamic world and the West -
most particularly in the area of arms, armour and military
technology is a field of research for which Dr Nicolle is noted.
This volume deals principally with Western Europe and Byzantium,
which for many centuries learnt from the Muslims in these matters;
several articles also focus on military interactions in the
Crusader states. The work draws upon both written and
archaeological sources, but above all makes use of the depictions
of war and military equipment in contemporary art to examine the
interconnections across the medieval world.
This fully illustrated study explores the armies of the Hindu,
Buddhist and Jain states within what are now India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal during the period AD 500-1500, as
well as Afghanistan until the early 13th century AD. Following the
emergence of a distinct 'medieval Indian' civilization in the Late
Classical and Early Medieval periods, there was a prolonged
struggle between this civilization and that of the eastern Islamic
world, concluding with the rise of the Mughal Empire at the start
of the 16th century. In this fully illustrated study, David Nicolle
investigates the traditions and enduring conservatism of
non-Islamic medieval Indian warfare, notably evident in recruitment
patterns and the significance of archery and cavalry. The role and
impact of war-elephants, both positive and negative, are also
considered, as well as the influence of climate and weather
(notably the seasonal monsoon) on warfare in this region. As well
as assessing arms and armour - contrasting the advanced technology
and high status of Indian weapons (especially swords) with the
remarkable lack of metallic armour in the region during this period
- the author also explores siege warfare and riverine and naval
warfare in South Asia. This book assesses the contributing factors
identified by those who have sought to explain why the huge wealth
and substantial populations of the traditional non-Islamic Indian
states did not prevent their persistent failure in the face of
Islamic invasion and conquest.
The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive federation of
merchant guilds based in harbour towns along the North Sea and
Baltic coasts of what are now Germany and her neighbours, which
eventually dominated maritime trade in Northern Europe and spread
its influence much further afield. The League was formed to protect
the economic and political interests of member cities throughout a
vast and complex trading network. The League continued to operate
well into the 17th century, but its golden age was between c.1200
and c.1500; thereafter it failed to take full advantage of the wave
of maritime exploration to the west, south and east of Europe.
During its 300 years of dominance the League's large ships - called
'cogs' - were at the forefront of maritime technology, were early
users of cannon, and were manned by strong fighting crews to defend
them from pirates in both open-sea and river warfare. The home
cities raised their own armies for mutual defence, and their riches
both allowed them, and required them, to invest in fortifications
and gunpowder weapons, since as very attractive targets they were
subjected to sieges at various times.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire there was a decline in
professional cavalry forces, and infantry dominated in the Germanic
successor barbarian kingdoms. In the Carolingian and Norman periods
from the 9th to the 11th centuries, under the impact of Viking,
Saracen and Magyar advances, the cavalry arm gradually expanded
from the small remaining aristocratic elite. Even so, the
supposedly complete dominance of the knight in the 12th and 13th
centuries is grossly exaggerated, as integrated cavalry and
infantry tactics were nearly always the key to success.
This is the first in a two-part treatment of medieval tactics,
covering developments in both cavalry and infantry tactics.
Throughout the period there was a steady evolution of training in
both individual and unit skills, of armor and weapons, and thus of
tactics on the battlefield. This book covers key moments in this
story of evolution from Hastings in 1066 to Legnano in 1176. It
also details the later development of cavalry versus cavalry
tactics and the two key set piece battles of Bouvines in 1214 and
Pelagonia in 1259, the former an example of abject failure of
cavalry tactics and the latter a stunning success.
The high point of medieval islamic expansion was the 700-year
presence of the 'Moors' in Spain and Portugal. The Arab and Berber
conquest was followed by the establishment of a richly distinct
culture in Andalusia, where for a while Muslim and Christian
co-operated as often as they fought. The rise and fall of
successive Islamic dynasties brought new invaders, fragmentation
and disunity; and the growing Christian kingdoms to the north
eventually doomed the amirate of Granada, the last Moorish bastion,
which fell to the Castilians in 1492. The extraordinarily varied
and colourful armies of Westem Islam are described and illustrated
here in fascinating detail.
This seemingly idyllic and glamourous pre-war age of air travel
within the British Empire would be rudely overturned by the
outbreak of the Second World War. Even before this, however,
Germany's Nazi government made considerable efforts to convince the
Arab peoples and their governments - where such government existed
beyond direct French and British control - that Germany had no
territorial ambitions in the Middle East and North Africa. After
hostilities began the Nazis continued to proclaim that they and
Italy would ensure Arab independence once they won the war, an
unconvincing claim given Italy's recent behaviour in Libya and in
the Arab world's southern neighbour Ethiopia, then known as
Abyssinia. Amongst the primary targets of Nazi and to a lesser
extent Fascist propaganda was King Faruq of Egypt and those members
of Egypt's armed forces who still believed that their King could
bring true independence and dignity to Egypt. How far such
propaganda succeeded remains a matter of intense debate. From the
outbreak of the Second World War until the close of 1940 the only
Arab air forces which existed in anything more than name, those of
Egypt and Iraq, contributed towards the Allied war effort. Once
Italy entered the war in June 1940 the conflict entered Egyptian
territory and, although the Egyptian government remained nominally
neutral, the Royal Egyptian Air Force and Egyptian Army became
directly involved, though largely "behind the lines". The Royal
Iraqi Air Force was also placed on alert but, being far from the
zones of active operations, was not drawn into conflict. The Fall
of France resulted in the French mandated territories of Syria and
Lebanon passing into the control of the Vichy French government
which, though officially neutral in the wider war, became
increasingly collaborationist in its international affairs.
Elsewhere the once all-powerful British Empire seemed to be reeling
from defeat to defeat. Thus, by the end of 1940, the majority of
people in the Arab World - including in British-dominated Egypt and
Iraq - believed that Germany and Italy would win the war. This
growing opinion was also present in the Arab militaries, including
the REAF and RIrqAF. It would result in tensions, disaffection and
even defections in Egypt during 1941. In Iraq it resulted in the
First Anglo-Iraq War of May 1941, also known to the British as the
Rashid Ali Rebellion. These events will form the core of Volume Six
of Air Power and the Arab World.
At a time when multiple wars are raging across much of the Middle
East, it is almost forgotten that it was Abu al-Qasim Abbas ibn
Firnas ibn Wirdas at-Takurni - an Andalusian inventor, physician
and engineer - who was the first person to undertake experiments in
flying with any degree of success. That was back in the 9th Century
A.D. Nigh on a thousand years later the Arab World's critical
strategic location made it almost inevitable that these regions
would be drawn into the imperial rivalries of the leading European
powers, while the Ottoman Empire struggled to maintain its existing
position in the area. This in turn meant that the first bombs to be
dropped by military aircraft fell on Arab soil. Not surprisingly,
as the Arab countries slowly achieved their independence, they too
wanted to have air forces. In 1948 the first such Arab air forces
were thrown into battle in an ill-fated attempt to keep Palestine
as a primarily Arab country. Based on decades of consistent
research, but also newly available sources in both Arabic and
various European languages, and richly illustrated with a wide
range of authentic photography, Volume 2 of the 'Air Power and the
Arab World, 1909-1955' mini-series continues the story of the men
and machines of the first half century of military aviation in the
Arab World.
Analyses of different aspects of the history of warfare in the
Mediterranean in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The kingdom of
Sicily plays a huge part in the history of the Norman people; their
conquest brought in a new era of invasion, interaction and
integration in the Mediterranean, However, much previous
scholarship has tended to concentrate on their activities in
England and the Holy Land. This volume aims to redress the balance
by focusing on the Hautevilles, their successors and their
followers. It considers the operational, tactical, technical and
logistical aspects of the conduct of war in the South throughout
the eleventh and twelfth centuries, looking also at its impact on
Italian and Sicilian multi-cultural society. Topics include the
narratives of the Norman expansion, exchanges and diffusion between
the "military cultures" of the Normans and the peoples they
encountered in the South, and their varied policies of conquest,
consolidation and expansion in the different operational theatres
of land and sea.
This is NOT just another retelling of the Fall of Constantinople,
though it does include a very fine account of that momentous event.
It is the history of a quite extraordinary century and a bit which
began when a tiny of force of Ottoman Turkish warriors was invited
by the Christian Byzantine Emperor to cross the Dardanelles from
Asia into Europe to assist him in one of the civil wars which were
tearing the fast-declining Byzantine Empire apart. One hundred and
eight years later the Byzantine capital of Constantinople fell to
what was by then a hugely powerful and expanding empire of the
Islamic Ottoman Turks, whose rulers came to see themselves as the
natural and legitimate heirs of their Byzantine and indeed Roman
predecessors. The book sets the scene, explains the background and
tells the story, both military, political, cultural and personal,
of the winners and the losers, plus those 'outsiders' who were
increasingly being drawn into the dramatic story of the rise of the
Ottoman Empire.
Volume 4 of Air Power and the Arab World continues the story of the
men and machines of the first half century of military aviation in
the Arab world. The earliest of the Arab air forces to be
established trace their histories back to the 1920s and 1930s when
the overwhelming majority of Arab countries, and an even larger
majority of the Arabic-speaking people, were ruled or dominated by
four European powers. This volume continues with the story of the
period from 1936-1941. The role, organisational structure and
activities of the first Arab air forces are described based on
decades of consistent research, newly available sources in Arabic
and various European languages, and is richly illustrated with a
wide range of authentic photography. These air forces ranged from
dreams which never got off the ground, to small forces which
existed for a limited time then virtually disappeared, to forces
which started very small then grew into something more significant.
Even so, the successful air forces of Iraq and Egypt would only
have a localised impact within the frontiers of their own states.
It was not until the next stage of the story of Air Power and the
Arab World that Arab warplanes and Arab airmen would attempt to
play a role on the world stage.Volume 4 of Air Power and the Arab
World includes over 100 photos, 5 maps, and 12 colour profiles.
Much of the Arab World remains ravaged by war or threatened by war.
Meanwhile the decades old Arab-Israeli conflict remains
fundamentally unresolved. Consequently, even the Arab air forces
and other Arab armed forces remain either at war or on a virtual
war footing, or at least in a state of continuous vigilance. The
earliest of the Arab air forces to be established trace their
histories back to the 1920s and '30s when the overwhelming majority
of Arab countries, and an even larger majority of the
Arabic-speaking people, were ruled or dominated by four European
powers. Based on decades of consistent research and newly available
sources in both Arabic and various European languages, richly
illustrated with a wide range of authentic photography, Volume 3 of
the 'Air Power and the Arab World, 1909-1955' mini-series continues
the story of the men and machines of the first half century of
military aviation in the Arab World. It describes the role,
organizational structure and activities of the air forces of
Britain, France, Italy, and Spain which were sent to the Arab
countries. It also looks at the early years of two neighbouring air
forces, those of the Persian (Iranian) and Ethiopian Empires whose
early emergence was viewed jealousy in some Arab capitals. Volume 3
continues this story by describing operations of the British,
French, Italian and Spanish air forces in the Arab world after the
First World War, but also the emergence of the first Arab air
forces in the shadow of the substantial European air force units
stationed in that area.
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