Road traffic injuries account for 2.1% of global mortality. The developing countries bear a large share of burden and account for about 85% of the deaths as a result of road traffic crashes. 2] India accounts for about 10% of road accident fatalities worldwide. 3] Road accident contributed 30.2% to all kind of natural and unnatural accidental deaths during 2005 4]. According to the Institute of Road Traffic Education (2006) New Delhi, out of the estimated 1.4 million serious road accidents/ collisions occurring annually in India, hardly 0.4 million are recorded. 5] This indicates that the surveillance system for vehicular accidents is not well established in India. Epidemiological data on road traffic accidents in India have been reported but there is no proper correlation with head injury. The study correlating head injury with road traffic accidents in Delhi was done in 1979 since then there have been significant social and demographic changes including changes in life style, population and number of vehicles. Continuous growth in number of motor vehicles, increase in population and poor access to health care are some of the important factors in fatalities.

Liposomes as well as formulations based on drug-lipid complexes have been extensively investigated for the delivery of a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds. Commercial licensing of liposomal dispersions for parenteral and topical use in humans has been fairly recent and has occurred as a result of interdisciplinary scientific advances in surface chemistry, membrane biophysics, and molecular pharmacology. These developments were supported by pioneering contributions from scientists in the fields of molecular pharmaceutics, drug delivery, and chemical engineering. Thus, since their original simplistic use as vesicular models for studying membrane properties and transport, liposomal systems have evolved into complex yet elegant assemblies for drug delivery. Liposomes are now being developed with specific therapeutic roles for tissue and cellular targeting and have been skillfully manipulated to achieve desired clinical outcomes by altering in vivo drug biodistribution and disposition. Liposomes are microscopic vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers arranged in concentric fashion enclosing an equal number of aqueous compartments.

Given the well-defined loss of a specific type of neurons (dopaminergic neurons) in a well defined region of the brain (S. nigra), the concept of cell replacement therapy in PD has emerged already in the early 1980s.Replacing diseased cells with healthy cells, called cell therapy, is similar to the process of organ transplantation only the treatment consists of transplanting cells instead of organs. Some conditions or injuries can be treated through transplantation of entire healthy organs, but there is an acute shortage of donors. Stem cells can serve as an alternate and renewable source for specialized cells.These unique characteristics make stem cells very promising for supplying cells to treat debilitating diseases like Alzheimer's disease, cancer, Parkinson's disease, type-1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Today, donated organs and tissues are often used to replace those that are diseased or destroyed. Unfortunately, the number of people needing transplants far exceeds the number of organs available.

Advancements of genomics, nanotechnology and biochemistry bring about new opportunities and challenges for drug discovery and development. Recent developments in nanotechnology have made it possible to obtain a new class of highly fluorescent homogeneous semiconductor nanocrystals termed "quantum dots''(QDs). Since 1998, quantum dots have been first demonstrated capable of labeling specific components of cells and tracing proteins within cells in biomedicine. Recently, the investigations of quantum dots in the biomedicine have developed rapidly. Quantum dots are very stable light emitters, and their emission can be broadly tuned through size variation. So they can offer significant advantages over organic fluorophores. In the past few years, it was reported that, as an alternative to organic fluorophores, bioconjugating quantum dots are used widely in diverse areas: cell labeling, cell tracking, in vivo imaging, DNA detection, biomacromolecules labeled, signal transduction and multiplexed beads encoded."

We know that nature is a wonderful and beautiful creation of God, which has bestowed upon us with many treasures including medicines. The history of diseases is as old as that of his existence on this planet and the search for remedies to combat them is also equally old.Liver diseases pose complications in treating them throughout the world since, conventional or synthetic drugs used in the treatment of liver diseases are few and with the risk of serious side effects. This is one of the reasons for many people all over the world including those in developed countries for turning towards complementary and alternative medicine. About 600 commercial preparations with claimed liver protecting activity are available all over the world. About 100 Indian medicinal plants belonging to 40 families are used for herbal formulation. In the present study Solanum melongena was selected for hepatoprotective activity study.

Typically in the pharmaceutical industry, drug products exist in two dosage forms, solid and liquid dosage forms. Included in solid dosage forms are tablets, pellets, pills, beads, spherules, etc. These solid dosage forms are often coated for various reasons, such as odor or taste masking, prevention from moisture, light and/or air, protection from destruction by gastric acid or gastric enzymes, enhanced mechanical strength, aesthetics or controlled release including controlling release sites and/or release rate.

It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. At a scientific meeting in November 1906, German physician Alois Alzheimer presented the case of "Frau Auguste D.," a 51-year-old woman brought to see him in 1901 by her family. Auguste had developed problems with memory, unfounded suspicions that her husband was unfaithful, and difficulty speaking and understanding what was said to her. Her symptoms rapidly grew worse, and within a few years she was bedridden. She died in spring 1906.Dr. Alzheimer had never before seen anyone like Auguste D., and he gained the family's permission to perform an autopsy. In Auguste's brain, he saw dramatic shrinkage, especially of the cortex, the outer layer involved in memory, thinking, judgment and speech. Under the microscope, he also saw widespread fatty deposits in small blood vessels, dead and dying brain cells, and abnormal deposits in and around cells. The condition entered the medical literature in 1907, when Alzheimer published his observations about Auguste D. In 1910, Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist noted for his work in naming and classifying brain disorders, proposed that the disease be named after Alzheimer.