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Road traffic injuries account for 2.1% of global mortality. The
developing countries bear a large share of burden and account for
about 85% of the deaths as a result of road traffic crashes. 2]
India accounts for about 10% of road accident fatalities worldwide.
3] Road accident contributed 30.2% to all kind of natural and
unnatural accidental deaths during 2005 4]. According to the
Institute of Road Traffic Education (2006) New Delhi, out of the
estimated 1.4 million serious road accidents/ collisions occurring
annually in India, hardly 0.4 million are recorded. 5] This
indicates that the surveillance system for vehicular accidents is
not well established in India. Epidemiological data on road traffic
accidents in India have been reported but there is no proper
correlation with head injury. The study correlating head injury
with road traffic accidents in Delhi was done in 1979 since then
there have been significant social and demographic changes
including changes in life style, population and number of vehicles.
Continuous growth in number of motor vehicles, increase in
population and poor access to health care are some of the important
factors in fatalities.
Given the well-defined loss of a specific type of neurons
(dopaminergic neurons) in a well defined region of the brain (S.
nigra), the concept of cell replacement therapy in PD has emerged
already in the early 1980s.Replacing diseased cells with healthy
cells, called cell therapy, is similar to the process of organ
transplantation only the treatment consists of transplanting cells
instead of organs. Some conditions or injuries can be treated
through transplantation of entire healthy organs, but there is an
acute shortage of donors. Stem cells can serve as an alternate and
renewable source for specialized cells.These unique characteristics
make stem cells very promising for supplying cells to treat
debilitating diseases like Alzheimer's disease, cancer, Parkinson's
disease, type-1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart
disease, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Today, donated
organs and tissues are often used to replace those that are
diseased or destroyed. Unfortunately, the number of people needing
transplants far exceeds the number of organs available.
Liposomes as well as formulations based on drug-lipid complexes
have been extensively investigated for the delivery of a wide range
of pharmaceutical compounds. Commercial licensing of liposomal
dispersions for parenteral and topical use in humans has been
fairly recent and has occurred as a result of interdisciplinary
scientific advances in surface chemistry, membrane biophysics, and
molecular pharmacology. These developments were supported by
pioneering contributions from scientists in the fields of molecular
pharmaceutics, drug delivery, and chemical engineering. Thus, since
their original simplistic use as vesicular models for studying
membrane properties and transport, liposomal systems have evolved
into complex yet elegant assemblies for drug delivery. Liposomes
are now being developed with specific therapeutic roles for tissue
and cellular targeting and have been skillfully manipulated to
achieve desired clinical outcomes by altering in vivo drug
biodistribution and disposition. Liposomes are microscopic vesicles
composed of one or more lipid bilayers arranged in concentric
fashion enclosing an equal number of aqueous compartments.
Advancements of genomics, nanotechnology and biochemistry bring
about new opportunities and challenges for drug discovery and
development. Recent developments in nanotechnology have made it
possible to obtain a new class of highly fluorescent homogeneous
semiconductor nanocrystals termed "quantum dots''(QDs). Since 1998,
quantum dots have been first demonstrated capable of labeling
specific components of cells and tracing proteins within cells in
biomedicine. Recently, the investigations of quantum dots in the
biomedicine have developed rapidly. Quantum dots are very stable
light emitters, and their emission can be broadly tuned through
size variation. So they can offer significant advantages over
organic fluorophores. In the past few years, it was reported that,
as an alternative to organic fluorophores, bioconjugating quantum
dots are used widely in diverse areas: cell labeling, cell
tracking, in vivo imaging, DNA detection, biomacromolecules
labeled, signal transduction and multiplexed beads encoded."
We know that nature is a wonderful and beautiful creation of God,
which has bestowed upon us with many treasures including medicines.
The history of diseases is as old as that of his existence on this
planet and the search for remedies to combat them is also equally
old.Liver diseases pose complications in treating them throughout
the world since, conventional or synthetic drugs used in the
treatment of liver diseases are few and with the risk of serious
side effects. This is one of the reasons for many people all over
the world including those in developed countries for turning
towards complementary and alternative medicine. About 600
commercial preparations with claimed liver protecting activity are
available all over the world. About 100 Indian medicinal plants
belonging to 40 families are used for herbal formulation. In the
present study Solanum melongena was selected for hepatoprotective
activity study.
Typically in the pharmaceutical industry, drug products exist in
two dosage forms, solid and liquid dosage forms. Included in solid
dosage forms are tablets, pellets, pills, beads, spherules, etc.
These solid dosage forms are often coated for various reasons, such
as odor or taste masking, prevention from moisture, light and/or
air, protection from destruction by gastric acid or gastric
enzymes, enhanced mechanical strength, aesthetics or controlled
release including controlling release sites and/or release rate.
It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. At a scientific
meeting in November 1906, German physician Alois Alzheimer
presented the case of "Frau Auguste D.," a 51-year-old woman
brought to see him in 1901 by her family. Auguste had developed
problems with memory, unfounded suspicions that her husband was
unfaithful, and difficulty speaking and understanding what was said
to her. Her symptoms rapidly grew worse, and within a few years she
was bedridden. She died in spring 1906.Dr. Alzheimer had never
before seen anyone like Auguste D., and he gained the family's
permission to perform an autopsy. In Auguste's brain, he saw
dramatic shrinkage, especially of the cortex, the outer layer
involved in memory, thinking, judgment and speech. Under the
microscope, he also saw widespread fatty deposits in small blood
vessels, dead and dying brain cells, and abnormal deposits in and
around cells. The condition entered the medical literature in 1907,
when Alzheimer published his observations about Auguste D. In 1910,
Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist noted for his work in naming and
classifying brain disorders, proposed that the disease be named
after Alzheimer.
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