This book analyses and describes the effects of the reforms of the European science systems on research. Taking the multilevel governance of the science system into account, the authors describe the effects of the reforms on different aspects: research collaborations and research lines, PhD education, performance profiles, research funding and legal aspects. The first part of the book deals with "PhD education" from an economic perspective. How successful are Research Training Groups and is heterogeneity really a factor of success? What kind of PhD education leads to success? The second part focuses on the interactions of governance and research. How do changes at the national and organisational level influence research cooperation, research lines and research performance? The third part reflects the Europeanisation and Internationalisation of research and research funding. To what extent are research collaborations becoming international? How is the role of European funding agencies changing?

2007b: 115 ff.; Jansen 2007c: 236 ff.). "Governance patterns" here means a chain of interconnected mechanisms which can be observed empirically. "Governance p- terns" can be roughly de?ned as "complex regulatory structures coordinating the actions of interdependent actors." Governance patterns can relate to hierarchical as well as to lateral coordination mechanisms. Enforcement can be based on law, p- fessional norms or informal and implicit norms or customs. Moreover, the regulatory structures or individual mechanisms inside them can be established and sanctioned by public as well as by private actors. There is in fact not necessarily an actor in charge of controlling outcomes as for instance in market competition. In the next section, I will introduce the reader to the changing role of the state in science policy. The third section presents the governance model for the p- lic research sector which was developed by the research group and underlies the 1 contributions in this anthology. The ?nal section gives an overview of the papers.

Higher education and research institutions are confronted with changing and sometimes contradictory claims from state, industry and society, today. They have to face growing volatility and an acceleration and internationalization of the knowledge process. This book undertakes to develop a sector specific theory of governance of the public research sector and applies it to the German research system. The book is the outcome of a large interdisciplinary project. It analyzes the reforms in the German research system from an integrated perspective of law, economics and social sciences. The case of Germany is compared to reforms in other European countries such as Austria, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The study emphasizes an integrated approach considering the research function of universities as well as the non-university research sector. The focus is on the integration of external and internal governance. First, we pose the question how external competition and control mechanisms do influence internal governance of research institutions and universities and vice versa. Second, we discuss the consequences of these impacts on research.

The book addresses scholars in the field of science and technology studies and research policy as well as actors responsible for establishing and implementing research policies. Managers of research institutions will find insights and guidelines for the strategic positioning of their institutions in a rapidly changing environment. Researchers in the field of governance may profit from the approaches to governance which are applied to the German research system in comparison to other research systems.

The future of modern societies depends on their ability to deal with the challenge of climate change in the coming decades. One essential component is a better understanding of innovation processes in the energy sector. This book focuses on sustainability innovations in renewable energies, combined heat and power, and energy service contracting, and analyses the institutions, actors and functions within the innovation system. Of particular interest is the question of whether the joint effect of EU-driven market liberalization and climate policies will succeed in establishing market forces that will drive actors towards more climate-friendly energy production. A special focus is on the role of local utilities in the electricity sector as opposed to large transmission net operators or regional net operators. The countries covered in the contributions include Germany, Denmark, the UK, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.

This book analyses and describes the effects of the reforms of the European science systems on research. Taking the multilevel governance of the science system into account, the authors describe the effects of the reforms on different aspects: research collaborations and research lines, PhD education, performance profiles, research funding and legal aspects. The first part of the book deals with "PhD education" from an economic perspective. How successful are Research Training Groups and is heterogeneity really a factor of success? What kind of PhD education leads to success? The second part focuses on the interactions of governance and research. How do changes at the national and organisational level influence research cooperation, research lines and research performance? The third part reflects the Europeanisation and Internationalisation of research and research funding. To what extent are research collaborations becoming international? How is the role of European funding agencies changing?

The future of modern societies depends on their ability to deal with the challenge of climate change in the coming decades. One essential component is a better understanding of innovation processes in the energy sector. This book focuses on sustainability innovations in renewable energies, combined heat and power, and energy service contracting, and analyses the institutions, actors and functions within the innovation system. Of particular interest is the question of whether the joint effect of EU-driven market liberalization and climate policies will succeed in establishing market forces that will drive actors towards more climate-friendly energy production. A special focus is on the role of local utilities in the electricity sector as opposed to large transmission net operators or regional net operators. The countries covered in the contributions include Germany, Denmark, the UK, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.

2007b: 115 ff.; Jansen 2007c: 236 ff.). "Governance patterns" here means a chain of interconnected mechanisms which can be observed empirically. "Governance p- terns" can be roughly de?ned as "complex regulatory structures coordinating the actions of interdependent actors." Governance patterns can relate to hierarchical as well as to lateral coordination mechanisms. Enforcement can be based on law, p- fessional norms or informal and implicit norms or customs. Moreover, the regulatory structures or individual mechanisms inside them can be established and sanctioned by public as well as by private actors. There is in fact not necessarily an actor in charge of controlling outcomes as for instance in market competition. In the next section, I will introduce the reader to the changing role of the state in science policy. The third section presents the governance model for the p- lic research sector which was developed by the research group and underlies the 1 contributions in this anthology. The ?nal section gives an overview of the papers.

This book undertakes to develop a sector specific theory of governance of the public research sector and applies it to the German research system. The book is the outcome of a large interdisciplinary project. It analyzes the reforms in the German research system from an integrated perspective of law, economics and social sciences. The case of Germany is compared to reforms in other European countries such as Austria, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Dieses Buch geht auf drei Hauptseminare zur Netzwerkanalyse zuruck, die ich 1991, 1993 und 1997 an den Universitaten Bochum und Dusse1dorf gehalten habe. Im Sommer 1997 ist auf dieser Grundlage dann zunachst ein Lehrbrief fur die FernUniversitat Hagen entstanden, der dort von Uwe Schimank be treut wird. Parallel hierzu entstand die Idee fur ein Lehrbuch zur Netzwerka nalyse, da sich in den Seminaren immer wieder zeigte, dass es an einer ein fuhrenden deutschen Publikation in diesem Bereich mangelt. An diesem Buch sind viele Personen an unterschiedlichen Orten und in vielerlei Arten beteiligt gewesen. Zunachst danke ich den Studierenden in den Seminaren, die durch Kopfschutteln und hartnackiges Nachfragen Ver standlichkeit und Stringenz der Darstellung erzwungen haben. Insbesondere mochte ich zwei Seminarteilnehmern danken, Rainer Diaz-Bone und Burk hardt Margies, die in Bochum und Dusseldorf die Seminare wesentlich mit getragen haben. Mein Dank gilt weiter Uwe Schimank, der als Betreuer des Lehrbriefes hartnackig Verstandlichkeit und soziologische Beispiele eingefordert hat. Anregungen zur Verbesserungen des Buches habe ich ferner von Rainer Diaz-Bone und Eva Nadai als "Testlesern" erhalten. Ferner danke ich Linton Freeman und David Krackhardt, die mir Grafiken aus ihren Forschungsar beiten zur Verfugung gestellt haben. Noch verbliebene Fehler und Unge reimtheiten gehen wie immer zu Lasten des Autors."

Mit Betriebsgrundungen werden positive Effekte fur den Strukturwandel einer Region verbunden. Doch welche Faktoren bestimmen den Erfolg von neu gegrundeten Betrieben? Auf der Basis einer quantitativen Erhebung unter Betriebsgrundern aus dem Ruhrgebiet wird dieser Frage nachgegangen. Personen- und organisationsbezogene Ansatze zur Erklarung des Grundungserfolgs werden mit den Daten konfrontiert. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei der sozialen Einbettung der Grunder, der Nutzung von oeffentlicher Grundungsfoerderung sowie populationsoekologischen Betrachtungen. Die Analyse der Einflussfaktoren und ihrer Interdependenzen erlaubt einerseits einen empirischen Theorienvergleich, andererseits koennen die Ergebnisse als Beratungsinhalte fur eine informierte Grundungsfoerderung dienen.