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This book explores the relationship between strategic planning and
doctrine at the joint level.
At a crucial crossroads between Africa and Europe, the
Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the "Arab World" and the West,
Morocco has long had a special place in U.S. diplomacy and
strategic planning. Since September 11, 2001, Morocco's importance
to the United States has only increased, and the more recent
uncertainties of the Arab Spring and Islamist extremism have
further increased the value of the Moroccan-American alliance. Yet
one of the pillars of the legitimacy of the Moroccan monarchy, its
claim to the Western Sahara, remains a point of violent contention.
Home to the largest functional military barrier in the world, the
Western Sahara has a long history of colonial conquest and
resistance, guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency, and evolving
strategic thought, and its future may prove critical to U.S.
interests in the region.
The premise of most Western thinking on counterinsurgency is that
success depends on establishing a perception of legitimacy among
local populations. The path to legitimacy is often seen as the
improvement of governance in the form of effective and efficient
administration of government and public services. However, good
governance is not the only possible basis for claims to legitimacy.
The author considers whether, in insurgencies where ethno-religious
identities are salient, claims to legitimacy may rest more on the
identity of who governs, rather than on how whoever governs
governs. This monograph presents an analytic framework for
examining these issues and then applies that framework to two
detailed local case studies of American counterinsurgency
operations in Iraq: Ramadi from 2004-05; and Tal Afar from 2005-06.
These case studies are based on primary research, including dozens
of interviews with participants and eyewitnesses. The cases yield
ample evidence that ethno-religious identity politics do shape
counterinsurgency outcomes in important ways, and also offer
qualified support for the argument that addressing identity
politics may be more critical than good governance to
counterinsurgent success. Key policy implications include the
importance of making strategy development as sensitive as possible
to the dynamics of identity politics, and to local variations and
complexity in causal relationships among popular loyalties,
grievances, and political violence.
This monograph begins with a case study that provides a means for
analyzing the complexity of organizational leadership in the
contemporary security environment. As such, it presents a high
stakes problem-set that required an operational adaptation by a
cavalry squadron conducting combat operations in Baghdad. This
problematic reality triggered the struggle to find a creative
response to a very deadly problem, while cultural norms served as
barriers that prevented the rejection of previously accepted
solutions that had proven successful in the past, even though those
successful solutions no longer fit in the context of the reality of
the present. The case study highlights leaders who were constrained
by deeply-held assumptions that inhibited their ability to adapt
quickly to a changed environment. The case study then moves on to
provide an example of a successful application of adaptive
leadership and adaptive work that was performed by the organization
after a period of reflection and the willingness to experiment and
assume risk. The case study serves as a microcosm of the challenges
facing the U.S. Army, and the corresponding leadership framework
presented in this monograph can be used as a model for the Army as
it attempts to move forward in its effort to make adaptation an
institutional imperative. The paper presents a more holistic
approach to leadership where the leader transcends that of simply
being an authority figure and becomes a real leader who provides a
safe and creative learning environment where the organization can
tackle and solve adaptive challenges. The paper concludes by
recommending that U.S. Army leaders apply Harvard Professor Dean
Williams's theory to the challenges confronting the Army's leader
development process thereby fostering a culture of adaptive
leaders.
Dr. Williams identifies the roots of organized crime in
post-Ba'athist Iraq in an authoritarian and corrupt state dominated
by Saddam Hussein and subject to international sanctions. He also
explains the rise of organized crime after the U.S. invasion in
terms of two distinct waves: the first wave followed the collapse
of the state and was accompanied by the breakdown of social control
mechanisms and the development of anomie; the second wave was
driven by anarchy, insecurity, political ambition, and the
imperatives of resource generation for militias, insurgents, and
other groups. This monograph looks in detail at major criminal
activities, including the theft, diversion, and smuggling of oil,
the kidnapping of both Iraqis and foreigners, extortion, car theft,
and the theft and smuggling of antiquities. The author also
considers the critical role played by corruption in facilitating
and strengthening organized crime. He shows how al-Qaeda in Iraq,
Jaish-al-Mahdi, and the Sunni tribes used criminal activities to
fund their campaigns of political violence. Dr. Williams also
identifies necessary responses to organized crime and corruption in
Iraq, including efforts to reduce criminal opportunities, change
incentive structures, and more directly target criminal
organizations and activities.
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that
provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various
topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as
well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect
their national security interests. Volume 148, Lone Wolf
Terrorists, examines the phenomenon of the solitary domestic
terrorist, analyzes the distinction between such terrorists and
mass murderers who are not deemed to be terrorists, considers the
motivations of violent extremists, and examines the dilemmas faced
by law enforcement in preventing solitary political extremists with
violent ideologies from translating their beliefs into actions. The
volume is divided into three sections, providing an overview of the
topic, an examination of strategies for prevention of such attacks,
and a consideration of the Internet's role in contributing to
radicalization. Documents included in this volume include a CRS
report on domestic terrorism, a report examining violent
radicalization from a criminal justice perspective, and a CRS
report differentiating hate crimes from domestic terrorism, as well
as other reports on the lone wolf terrorism phenomenon and
strategies to prevent and/or counter it. The last document in the
volume is a CRS report relating to the advocacy of terrorism on the
Internet, especially including social media, and the ways in which
law enforcement might be able to address the problem of dangerous
online speech within the current U.S. legal structure.
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that
provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various
topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as
well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect
their national security interests. Volume 147, Assessing the 2017
U.S. National Security Strategy, evaluates the changes in U.S.
national security policy indicated in the National Security
Strategy published by the Trump administration in 2017, as well as
the U.S. National Defense Strategy, a summary of which was made
available to the public in 2018. The volume also takes a close look
at the comparable strategy documents of the Russian Federation and
the People's Republic of China (PRC), the two greatest competitors
of the U.S. in the global power structure, in addition to
considering the U.S. security posture in the broader international
context. In addition to including the text of the 2017 U.S.
National Security Strategy and the 2018 U.S. National Defense
Strategy, this volume also includes the Russian Federation's
Foreign Policy Concept, National Security Strategy, and Military
Doctrine, and China's national defense, military strategy, and
Asia-Pacific cooperation documents, as well as Chinese President Xi
Jinping's October 2017 speech to the 19th National Congress of the
Communist Party of China outlining the way forward for the PRC. Two
2017 CRS reports examining U.S. security strategy in the
international context are also included: U.S. Role in the World:
Background and Issues for Congress and A Shift in the International
Security Environment: Potential Implications for Defense-Issues for
Congress.
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that
provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various
topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as
well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect
their national security interests. Volume 145, The North Korean
Threat, examines the strategies adopted by the United States,
China, and the international community in response to the nuclear
threat posed by North Korea. The volume includes a selection of
documents chosen to illustrate developments in this area from 2010
through 2016, with commentary from series editor Douglas C.
Lovelace, Jr. The documents in this volume include 2016 UN Security
Council resolutions on North Korea, Congressional Research Service
reports covering various aspects of the U.S. response to North
Korea's nuclear program, a U.S. Department of Defense report
prepared for Congress on military and security developments related
to North Korea, and a detailed description of the U.S. sanctions
program against North Korea from the U.S. Treasury Department's
Office of Foreign Assets Control.
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that
provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various
topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as
well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect
their national security interests. Volume 146, Russia's Resurgence,
examines recent developments in the foreign policy and strategy of
the Russian Federation, including an examination of its aggression
against neighboring states with Russian populations, its recent
focus on strengthening its military capabilities, its larger
strategy vis-a-vis NATO and the United States, its utilization of
hybrid warfare in the "gray zone" to achieve its goals, its
increasing influence on Middle Eastern politics, and the historical
context within which these developments have occurred. This volume
includes Congressional Research Service reports on security issues
concerning the United States, Ukraine, and the Russian Federation,
as well as an English-language version of the Military Doctrine of
the Russian Federation made available to the public, NATO's
Framework for Future Alliance Operations, and recent studies on
Russia's hybrid warfare from the NATO Defense College and the Joint
Special Operations University Press.
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Old and New Insurgency Forms (Paperback)
Robert J. Bunker; Edited by Strategic Studies Institute (U S ), Army War College (U.S.); Foreword by Douglas C. Lovelace
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R461
Discovery Miles 4 610
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