The existing anchored systems and layers of complexities involved in the interpretation of various leadership styles are discussed in this book. Smart power as a component within the systems in leadership styles is explained (Coutu, 2008; Nye, 2008; Nye & Armitage, 2007). Hard and soft powers are part of the smart power conceptualization. Academicians and learners are challenged to have firm gravitas from triggers and cameos emanating from leadership styles that are Disrupting Existing Systems (DES) elements. Leadership theories are disruptively challenged (Bass, 1985, 1996; Burns, 1978, 2006). Germinal and seminar leadership theories are used to conceptualize, interpret and rationalize why disruption of an existing system creates effective or ineffective leadership styles. Other elements in the systems are the value chains, supply chains, front and back offices, functional operable machines, disruptive technologies, manpower, capital or human capital and intellect that lead to optimal production of goods and services (Porter, 1980b, 1985, 1990; Porter & Stern, 2001). Part two dissects, analyzes, synthesizes and possibly amalgamates various organizational systems that were disrupted. Disruptions of the present systems in organizations such as Virgin Airways, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, AOL Time Warner and Yahoo are used as case studies to explicate this phenomenon. Part three explains the housing market in California and in the United States. Current economy recession due to housing foreclosures in the United States is discussed. The United States contractions, recessions and recoveries periods are illuminated. Affordable housing in the sub-Saharan African region is also explained. For housing to be affordable and available for the middle-income populations worldwide, disrupting the anchored and entrenched existing policies remain a viable and pivotal option. In chapter 16, Professor Ossian Carraway uses narrative and statistical analysis to explain the phenomenon and concepts by traversing the landscape of disruptive technologies expansively.

Irrespective of the interdisciplinary, epistemological, pedagogical or etymological differences in the interpretation of leadership, technological situational happenstances (TSH) is cognitively and effectively use as a trajectory toward transformation of various leadership styles. Commonalities and differences exist in Bass' (1985, 1996, 1997) and Burns' (1978, 2002, 2003, 2006) leadership theories. Some scholars harbor crotchetiness to Bass' and Burns' theories (Keeley, 1995; Mckendall, 1993; Snyder, 1987; White & Wooten, 1986). Other scholars constructively remain neutral to Bass' and Burns' theories (Dmitry, 2007; Yukl, 2006). Without leaders deploying TSH in organizations, information will be distorted and degraded from reaching strategic and tactical planners. TSH is use to analyze, synthesize and triangulate the United States real estate historical trends from 1880s to present. Financial mortgage institutions' unquenchable greed and unethical behaviors of granting mortgage loans to applicants resulted in foreclosures of homes in the United States. Financial institutions, such as Wachovia, Citigroup, Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Company assets backed collecterizatons are conjecturally losers in loans granted to applicants. Conversely, scholars in real estate posit that mortgage foreclosures on homeowners' cascades into economy recession, slowdown or cyclical trough (Aluya, 2007, 2007a, 2008; Austums, 2008; Cho, 2007). TSH is a nonlinear disruptive technology that resets customer's expectation, creates competitive advantages and shifts the market in favor of the disruptor (Yitts, 2006). TSH is an innovative technology that removed the dearth from the anchored business model. Inthis book, UPS, Hewlett-Package, Nokia, AOL Time Warner, and Yahoo are used as case studies. In the 21st century, organizational leaders use TSH to reposition strategically new products or services. TSH is also use in resetting industrial benchmarks and standards within the global terrain. The author is the publisher of Housing in Sub-Saharan Cities in 2007. Housing Phenomena in Abuja, Nigeria-A Case Study, 2008, IN., U.S.A.

Irrespective of the interdisciplinary, epistemological, pedagogical or etymological differences in the interpretation of leadership, technological situational happenstances (TSH) is cognitively and effectively used as a trajectory toward transformation of various leadership styles. Commonalities and differences existed in Bass' (1985, 1996, 1997) and Burns' (1978, 2002, 2003, 2006) leadership theories. Some scholars harbor crotchetiness to Bass' and Burns' theories (Keeley, 1995; Mckendall, 1993; Snyder, 1987; White & Wooten, 1986). Other scholars constructively remained neutral to Bass' and Burns' theories (Dmitry, 2007; Yukl, 2006). Without leaders deploying TSH in organizations, information could be distorted and degraded from reaching strategic and tactical planners. Technologies embedded in TSH are used to analyze, synthesize, and triangulate the United States real estate historical trends from 1880s to present. The financial mortgage institutions' unquenchable greed and unethical behaviors of granting mortgage loans to unqualified applicants resulted in toxic documents that cascaded the United States' economy into recession. Bank of America, Merrill Lynch Company, General Motors, and other company's 2nd quarter earnings in 2010 revealed the signs of a painful economic recovery in the United States (Aluya, 2008 & 2010; Austums, 2008; Cho, 2007). Smart analytic sensors reporting and managing technologies that are nonlinear and disruptive in nature now used to reset the industrial standards. Organizations in the 20th century used TSH to reset customers' expectations and creates competitive advantages. Experts concurred that TSH were used to shift the market forces in favor of the disruptors (Babcock, 2009; Dzubeck, 2008; Kelly, 2010; Ritorto, 2010; Yitts, 2006). AOL Time Warner, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, and Yahoo were used as case studies. TSH removed the dearth from the anchored business model. Cloud computing and planetary computing introduced to learners in this book.

Irrespective of the interdisciplinary, epistemological, pedagogical or etymological differences in the interpretation of leadership, technological situational happenstances (TSH) is cognitively and effectively used as a trajectory toward transformation of various leadership styles. Commonalities and differences existed in Bass' (1985, 1996, 1997) and Burns' (1978, 2002, 2003, 2006) leadership theories. Some scholars harbor crotchetiness to Bass' and Burns' theories (Keeley, 1995; Mckendall, 1993; Snyder, 1987; White & Wooten, 1986). Other scholars constructively remained neutral to Bass' and Burns' theories (Dmitry, 2007; Yukl, 2006). Without leaders deploying TSH in organizations, information could be distorted and degraded from reaching strategic and tactical planners. Technologies embedded in TSH are used to analyze, synthesize, and triangulate the United States real estate historical trends from 1880s to present. The financial mortgage institutions' unquenchable greed and unethical behaviors of granting mortgage loans to unqualified applicants resulted in toxic documents that cascaded the United States' economy into recession. Bank of America, Merrill Lynch Company, General Motors, and other company's 2nd quarter earnings in 2010 revealed the signs of a painful economic recovery in the United States (Aluya, 2008 & 2010; Austums, 2008; Cho, 2007). Smart analytic sensors reporting and managing technologies that are nonlinear and disruptive in nature now used to reset the industrial standards. Organizations in the 20th century used TSH to reset customers' expectations and creates competitive advantages. Experts concurred that TSH were used to shift the market forces in favor of the disruptors (Babcock, 2009; Dzubeck, 2008; Kelly, 2010; Ritorto, 2010; Yitts, 2006). AOL Time Warner, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, and Yahoo were used as case studies. TSH removed the dearth from the anchored business model. Cloud computing and planetary computing introduced to learners in this book.

In this book, we have analyzed and synthesized the historical trends and the global economic implications of Biofuels from 1859 to present. We disserted expert's opinions and controversies surrounding the costs, benefits, crops (first and second generation) materials used for Biofuels, and also the social and ecological implications of using Biofuels as an alternative form of energy (Christensen, Johnson & Rigby, 2002; Christensen, Anthony & Roth, 2004; Songstad, Lakshmanan, Chen, & Gibbons, 2009; Kovarik, 1998). We have traversed Brazil, China, India, Japan, Nigeria, the Netherlands, and other countries to analyze the costs and benefits economically and socially as it affect human kind. Further, we discovered that various leadership styles and political considerations are inextricably intertwined with the success and failures of implementing Biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels from proposal to fruition. From the United States to other European nations and back to the developing nations, political considerations and the type of leadership styles ensconced in the systems enhanced or inhibited the introduction of disruptive technologies that propagates Biofuels as disruptive technology (Aluya, 2009; Corrin, 2008; Kovac, 2006; Peter, 2007; Moresco, 2008; Ngo, 2007). We examined various statistical models to explain this phenomenon of the costs and benefits generated through the use of Biofuels as disruptive technologies. The costs of producing Biofuels outweigh the benefits when pitted against oil below $70 (USD) per barrel. One of the challenges we encountered during this study centers on an industry using incumbent technologies (i.e. fossil fuels) being asked to disrupt the existing systems and to compete with itself in the energy market. Interestingly, globally, leaders of various nations are willing to give subsidies to disruptive technologies (i.e. Biofuels) to incumbent technology so that these incumbents can compete with themselves in the energy sector of the market.

The existing anchored systems and layers of complexities involved in the interpretation of various leadership styles are discussed in this book. Smart power as a component within the systems in leadership styles is explained (Coutu, 2008; Nye, 2008; Nye & Armitage, 2007). Hard and soft powers are part of the smart power conceptualization. Academicians and learners are challenged to have firm gravitas from triggers and cameos emanating from leadership styles that are Disrupting Existing Systems (DES) elements. Leadership theories are disruptively challenged (Bass, 1985, 1996; Burns, 1978, 2006). Germinal and seminar leadership theories are used to conceptualize, interpret and rationalize why disruption of an existing system creates effective or ineffective leadership styles. Other elements in the systems are the value chains, supply chains, front and back offices, functional operable machines, disruptive technologies, manpower, capital or human capital and intellect that lead to optimal production of goods and services (Porter, 1980b, 1985, 1990; Porter & Stern, 2001). Part two dissects, analyzes, synthesizes and possibly amalgamates various organizational systems that were disrupted. Disruptions of the present systems in organizations such as Virgin Airways, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, AOL Time Warner and Yahoo are used as case studies to explicate this phenomenon. Part three explains the housing market in California and in the United States. Current economy recession due to housing foreclosures in the United States is discussed. The United States contractions, recessions and recoveries periods are illuminated. Affordable housing in the sub-Saharan African region is also explained. For housing to be affordable and available for the middle-income populations worldwide, disrupting the anchored and entrenched existing policies remain a viable and pivotal option. In chapter 16, Professor Ossian Carraway uses narrative and statistical analysis to explain the phenomenon and concepts by traversing the landscape of disruptive technologies expansively.