Comparative Criticism, first published in 2000, addresses itself to the questions of literary theory and criticism, to comparative studies in terms of theme, genre movement and influence, and to interdisciplinary perspectives. Articles include: Afloat on the Sea of Stories: World tales, English Literature, and geopolitical aesthetics; Classics and the comparison of adjacent literatures: some Pakistani perspectives; Performance Literature: the traditional Japanese theatre as model; 'Am I in that name?' Women's writing as cultural translation in early modern China; stabat mater: reflections on a theme in German-Jewish and Palestinian-Arab poetry. The winning entries in the 1999 BCLA/BCLT translation competition are also published.

This volume treats conceptions of the fin-de-sièle as they were affected and characterized by the work of Walter Pater, the leading -century English art critic after Ruskin, essayist and novelist, and major influence on the temper and style of the ‘aesthetic’ and ‘decadent’ movements. Denis Donoghue recreates the sceptical spirit of Pater for our time; Richard Wollheirn deals with his philosophical claims in relation to his writerly practice; Wolfgang Iser with the ‘translatability’ of Paterian discourse in the current context of interpretation theory; Nicholas Shrimpton with Pater’s place in the ‘aesthetical sect’; Billie Inman with the gender role-playing that characterized the ‘Grecian’ attitude, in particular the mode of ‘subservient love’, which affected Oscar Wilde and his friends among others. On the larger European scene David Carrier treats the decisive role of Baudelaire in the movement towards Modernism in writing and painting, and the subterranean forms in which he was imported. Stephen Bann sums up the relation of Pater’s viewpoints to the nature of representation. The first publication of an important work, believed lost, of Pater’s major disciple, the twentieth-century art critic Adrian Stokes, is featured in this volume. Richard Read has found, edited, and introduced Stokes’s essay on the artist Pisanello, the first of four essays an the Renaissance Tempio Malatestiano at Rimini. Stokes’s complex relationship with Pound at the time of the Cantos is also explored, as Modernists sought to distance themselves from the aesthetic mode in which they had been nurtured. Joseph Farrell examines the relation of the fin-de-sièle drama such as Feydeau on Modernist and Absurdist playwrights like Ionesco and Dario Fo, and translates Fo’s play Women in the Nude and Bodies in the Post. Simon Curtis, reviewing Jahan Ramazani’s Poetry of Mourning. The Modern Elegy from Hardy to Heaney, displays the changing forms of the traditional elegy through the fin-de-sièle to the present.

What does a museum do with a kindergartener who walks through the door? The growth of interest in young children learning in museums has joined the national conversation on early childhood education. This is the first book for museum professionals that focuses on this intersection. Written by the founding Executive Director of the innovative Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center, this concise volume provides essential guidance for museum professionals to plan programming for young children. Sharon E. Shaffer explains the various ways in which children learn, then shows how to use this knowledge to design effective programs using a variety of teaching models. Replete with examples of successful programs and tested activities to employ in your institution, Shaffer presents a set of best practices for developing early childhood learning programs.

What does a museum do with a kindergartener who walks through the door? The growth of interest in young children learning in museums has joined the national conversation on early childhood education. This is the first book for museum professionals that focuses on this intersection. Written by the founding Executive Director of the innovative Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center, this concise volume provides essential guidance for museum professionals to plan programming for young children. Sharon E. Shaffer explains the various ways in which children learn, then shows how to use this knowledge to design effective programs using a variety of teaching models. Replete with examples of successful programs and tested activities to employ in your institution, Shaffer presents a set of best practices for developing early childhood learning programs.

Comparative Criticism addresses itself to questions of literary theory and criticism. Articles in this volume include: 'Credit Limit: Fiction and the Surplus of Belief;' 'In Possession: Person, Money and Exchange from 'Daphnis and Chloe' to 'Roger Ackroyd;' 'Christopher Marlowe: Iron and Gold;' 'Jan Potocki and His Polish Milieu: the Cultural Context;' 'The Comic Effect in the Manuscript found at Saragossa'. The winning entries in the 2001 BCLA/BCLT translation competition are listed in the Index to Volumes 1-24 of Comparative Criticism.

This volume represents the ‘state of the art’ in Comparative Literature as it has developed in the half century since 1945. Peter Szondi was one of the leading spirits in the urgent move towards the reclamation of the literary text from ideology in post-war Germany; Geoffrey Hartman this year delivered the first lecture in his name to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Institute of General and Comparative Literature at the Free University, Berlin, of which Szondi was Director. Hartman, one of the major comparatists of this period, whose subtle phenomenological readings have transformed Romantic studies in English, gives a lapidary account of those poets of the Holocaust Paul Celan and Nelly Sachs, whose refusal of traditional imagery is a last fragile link with it. We also mark the twentieth anniversary of the founding of the British Comparative Literature Association in 1975 at Norwich, with the publication of the plenary papers from the Seventh Triennial Congress held in Edinburgh in 1995. Anne Barton opens on the strange ‘Wild Man’ figure who haunts the literary and iconographical spaces of Europe, with notable examples in Shakespeare’s Caliban and Timon; John Dixon Hunt counters with the civilized garden that is staked out and continuously retheorized in the midst of the forest wilderness; Gerald Gillespie, president of the International Comparative Literature Association, amplifies on the ambivalent image of the city, half utopia, half human

Revolutions and Censorship, first published in 1994, is concerned not only with recent momentous changes in the political landscape of Europe and their reverberations in the arts, but with the perennial problems of outside control which writers and artists face. The fall of the Iron Curtain, and the internal collapse of the Soviet Union have opened the floodgates of recovery of lost or secret documents, such as Lunacharsky's Letter to Stalin on the censorship of Mikhail Bulgakov, and of suppressed and censored work, whether by classics like Chekhov, whose bowdlerized letters are here restored to their intimate frankness by Donald Rayfield, or by modem writers such as Yevgeni Shvarts, whose full-length satirical play The Shadow Alan Myers here translates, or David Bergelson, shot in the Lubianka prison on his sixty-eighth birthday, whose fine story 'Remnants' is translated and introduced by Golda Werman (commended in the 1991 BCLA Translation Competition). Peter France details the difficulties of translating the dissident Chuvash poet Gennady Aygi. Julek Neumann describes at first hand the 'indirect censorship' of the Czech theatre during the years up to 1989.

In Volume 15, 'The Communities of Europe', we mark the gradual approach to European unity by looking at Europe's intransigent variety. Various topics are explored: Henry Gifford looks at the place of the writer in European culture, whilst the encounter of Europe with one of its 'others', North America, is probed with gusto by Armin Paul Frank. Malcolm Bowie explores intellectual frontiers in his speculations on the uses of Lacanian psychoanalysis for the arts; and Harold Fisch pursues the nature of interpretation itself as a mode of community. The editor brings up to date the report of the state of Comparative Literature in Britain given in volume 1 (1979). The winners of the British Comparative Literature Association Translation Competition (1991) for European Community languages are published here, as are the winners of the Special Prizes for Chinese and for Hebrew, Yiddish, or writing in any language on a Jewish theme.

Performance models have received increasing attention in the theoretical move towards open texts. Conceptions of open, reader-based or audience-based texts have paralleled the questioning of rational, authority-driven modes of knowledge. Literary theory's stress on performance leads back, paradoxically, to the exploration of practical knowledge. This volume contains the annual bibliography of comparative literature for the year 1989. It contains numerous intriguing articles. Michael Robinson's leading article examines the mutually defining properties of (female) gender and performance in the nineteenth century, whilst Drew Milne examines the challenge to Aristotle's theory of tragedy made by Augusto Boal's 'Theatre of the Oppressed' in Latin America. A rich variety of performance media and genres is presented in this volume. The important Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov is being performed again in new productions in Russia; Lesley Milne reports on The White Guard in Moscow and Kiev, and Patrick Miles translates the previously censored scenes of the play.

Topics covered in this volume include literary Chinese as a language for science, the history and principles of scientific translation in Europe, the theatrical panorama in the 19th century and its roots in optical theory and experiment, and an alternative perspective on Gerard Manley Hopkins.

This volume explores a theme that has become central in our time, as 'the death of God' is widely seen to be succeeded by 'the death of Man'. Our contributors set forth its urgency in a variety of contexts. Among these, Peter Stern gives the paradigmatic history of the bereft, damaged, and repudiated self in German philosophy and literature from Kleist to Ernst Jilnger. In 'Not I' Michael Edwards pursues the theological and psychological consequences of a self without substance. Peter France supplies a witty account of the marriage of self and commerce more at home in the eighteenth-century tradition of British empiricism, and the challenge of Rousseau's refusal of the terms of commerce. Raman Selden explores views of the self from the Romantics to the poststructuralists. Roger Cardinal probes the secret diary: is the genre a contradiction in terms? Stephen Bann explores the representations of Narcissus in recent psychoanalytic theory. Other contributors include Pierre Dupuy, David James, Julie Scott Meisami, Gregory Blue,Mark Ogden and A. D. Nuttall.

The ninth volume of this annual journal is concerned with the theme of 'Cultural perceptions and literary values', and continues the consideration of the relations of European with non-European literatures begun in volume 8. Among others, Indian art and its reception in the West is taken as a paradigm case for the interpretation of works of art. Victor Turner, an anthropologist who contributed a great deal to the understanding of the role of ritual in African societies, in 'social drama' and in the theatre, is represented by a posthumous essay displaying his characteristic verve, boldness, and innovative power. The crucial case of magic as 'alien wisdom' is considered, as is the exportation of the 'Faust theme', as represented in Spanish sources, to South America, and the case for its absorption into native Indian drama. This volume brings the series of special bibliographies on the history of comparative literary studies in the UK up to 1965, within a decade of the beginning of our annual bibliographies (1975) in volume 1. It also contains the annual bibliography of comparative literature, covering 1984.

Comparative Criticism is an annual journal of comparative literature and cultural studies that has gained an international reputation since its inception in 1979. It contains major articles on literary theory and criticism; on a wide range of comparative topics; and on interdisciplinary debates. It includes translations of literary, scholarly and critical works; substantial reviews of important books in the field; and bibliographies on specialist themes for the year, on individual writers, and on comparative literary studies in Britain and Ireland.

Comparative Criticism is an annual journal of comparative literature and cultural studies that has gained an international reputation since its inception in 1979. It contains major articles on literary theory and criticism; on a wide range of comparative topics; and on interdisciplinary debates. It includes translations of literary, scholarly and critical works; substantial reviews of important books in the field; and bibliographies on specialist themes for the year, on individual writers, and on comparative literary studies in Britain and Ireland. This book was first published in 1986.

Comparative Criticism is an annual journal of comparative literature and cultural studies that has gained an international reputation since its inception in 1979. It contains major articles on literary theory and criticism; on a wide range of comparative topics; and on interdisciplinary debates. It includes translations of literary, scholarly and critical works; substantial reviews of important books in the field; and bibliographies on specialist themes for the year, on individual writers, and on comparative literary studies in Britain and Ireland.

Comparative Criticism is an annual journal of comparative literature and cultural studies that has gained an international reputation since its inception in 1979. It contains major articles on literary theory and criticism; on a wide range of comparative topics; and on interdisciplinary debates. It includes translations of literary, scholarly and critical works; substantial reviews of important books in the field; and bibliographies on specialist themes for the year, on individual writers, and on comparative literary studies in Britain and Ireland. This volume was first published in 1981.

Dr. Shaffer outlines the development of the 'mythological school' of European Biblical criticism, especially its German origins and its reception in England, and studies the influences of this movement in the work of specific writers: Coleridge, Holderlin, Browning, and George Eliot.

The 'higher criticism' treated sacred scripture as literature and as history, the product of its time, and the highest expression of a developing group consciousness; it challenged current views on the authorship and dating of the Pentateuch and the Gospels, on inspiration, prophecy, and canonicity, and formulated a new apologetics closely linked with the growth of romantic aesthetics.

The importance of this study is that it shows that readings of specific literary texts can intersect with general movements of thought and action through the scrutiny of a clearly defined intellectual discipline, here the higher criticism, which developed as a particular expression of the larger trends in the history of the period. Dr Shaffer throws light on individual works of literature, the formation of movements, the origin of new genres, literary relationships between England and Germany, and the bases of European romanticism.

Fire in California's Ecosystems describes fire in detail-both as an integral natural process in the California landscape and as a growing threat to urban and suburban developments in the state. Written by many of the foremost authorities on the subject, this comprehensive volume is an ideal authoritative reference tool and the foremost synthesis of knowledge on the science, ecology, and management of fire in California. Part One introduces the basics of fire ecology, including overviews of historical fires, vegetation, climate, weather, fire as a physical and ecological process, and fire regimes, and reviews the interactions between fire and the physical, plant, and animal components of the environment. Part Two explores the history and ecology of fire in each of California's nine bioregions. Part Three examines fire management in California during Native American and post-Euro-American settlement and also current issues related to fire policy such as fuel management, watershed management, air quality, invasive plant species, at-risk species, climate change, social dynamics, and the future of fire management. This edition includes critical scientific and management updates and four new chapters on fire weather, fire regimes, climate change, and social dynamics.

An oil boycott was the crucial factor in the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was organized by the U.S. against Japan, which feared economic strangulation, and attacked Pearl Harbor as the cul-mination of a period of political, economic, and military compe-tition between Japan and the West. Japan was a new world power and in the 1930s created a "sphere of interest" in East Asia, as the U.S. and the European powers had done before. But the latter opposed aggressive imperialism by a non-Western power with diplomatic and economic means. The irreconcilable differences between Japan and the U.S. in the 1930s and early 1940s are reflected in this selection of diplomatic sources which include draft treaties, diplomatic notes, intercepted messages, and other documents. The result is a case study of the origins of WWII, the events that led to the attack on December 7, 1941, and of diplomacy gone awry.