Given the enormous challenges they face, why do so many citizens in developing countries routinely turn out to vote? This Element explores a new explanation grounded in the social origins of electoral participation in emerging democracies, where mobilization requires local collective action. This Element argues that, beyond incentives to express ethnic identity and vote-buying, perceptions of social sanctioning from community-based formal and informal actors galvanize many to vote who might otherwise stay home. Sanctioning is reinforced by the ability to monitor individual turnout given the open layout and centralized locations of polling stations and the use of electoral ink that identifies voters. This argument is tested using original survey and qualitative data from Africa and Afghanistan, contributing important insights on the nature of campaigns and elections in the promotion of state-building and service delivery, and the critical role voters play reducing fears of global democratic backsliding.

What are the social and political consequences of poor state governance and low state legitimacy? Under what conditions does lynching - lethal, extralegal group violence to punish offenses to the community - become an acceptable practice? We argue lynching emerges when neither the state nor its challengers have a monopoly over legitimate authority. When authority is contested or ambiguous, mass punishment for transgressions can emerge that is public, brutal, and requires broad participation. Using new cross-national data, we demonstrate lynching is a persistent problem in dozens of countries over the last four decades. Drawing on original survey and interview data from Haiti and South Africa, we show how lynching emerges and becomes accepted. Specifically, support for lynching most likely occurs in one of three conditions: when states fail to provide governance, when non-state actors provide social services, or when neighbors must rely on self-help.

H. KIESEWETTER, J. KosciELNY, and F. JuNG Tbe byperoncotic colloid-osmotic pressure of tbe 10% Haes solution causes an increased intravascular volume because free tissue water flows into the vascular system [206]. Witb a volume expansion effect of about 50% an increase in intravascular volume of 750 ml (500 mi Haes and 250 mi tissue water) is expected immediately after hypervolemic hemodilution, after isovolemic bemodilution only an in crease of 250 mi ( only tissue water due to a pblebotomy of 500 mi). The blood is diluted by overloading the vascular system [245]. After isovolemic bemodilution tbe dilution effect is more marked due to the pblebotomy. Estimated by means of the total protcin concentration (Fig. 67) the dilution of plasma was 22% 1 h after isovolemic hemodilution but only 14% after bypervolemic bemodilution. Tbe plasma dilutions were almost confirmed by the concentration changes of albumin (Fig. 68). Therefore, the mixing ratio is 4. 1 to 1 (plasma to bydroxyetbyl starcb) for bypervolemic infusion of 500 ml Haes-sterillO% (200/0. 5) and 3. 7 to 1 for isovolemic dilution. Consequently, the hydroxyethyl starch concentration after isovolemic hemodilution was signifi- cantly bigher at all measuring times tban after hypervolemic hemodilution (Fig. 61). If tbe infusion was performed quickly so that no renal output of the Haes solution could ensue, a mean bydroxyetbyl starch concentration of 10. 3 g per liter plasma would be expected immediately after isovolemic hemodilution for tbe above mixing ratio, and one of 9. 0 g after hypervolemic bemodilution.

Das Buch Hamodilution stellt die konservative Therapie bei Durchblutungsstorungen und den Volumenersatz mit Hydroxyathylstarke vor. Die Informationen basieren auf langjahrigen klinischen Erfahrungen. Insbesondere die Themen Kontraindikationen, mogliche Nebenwirkungen und Vorsichtsmassnahmen werden behandelt und diskutiert. Desweiteren werden die Pharmakokinetik und die biologischen Wirkungen vorgestellt. Die eingesetzten Messmethoden sowie Schwankungsbreite und Referenzbereiche der einzelnen Messmethoden sind im Anhang genannt. Das Ziel ist, dem Kliniker und Praktiker bei der Anwendung der Hamodilution, unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Therapiesicherheit, kompakte Information bereitzustellen, die in kurzester Zeit nachgeschlagen werden kann.

Mast cells are multifunctional effector cells in various immune responses. Beyond their well established important role in allergic disorders, they also play critical role as effector cell in innate immunity, initiation and maintenance of adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory disorders and atherosclerosis. This book provides leading-edge research on this field from around the globe.