Bacteria are those organisms which are single cell and they are not seen through naked eye they are only seen when microscope is used. The shape and size of bacteria are different and are measured in micrometer. Healthy humans are the reservoir and source of production of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli. The objective of this work is to define more precisely the role of traditional food ingredients in promoting the growth of acid resistant Coli form bacteria in human beings. Different food samples of Yogurt, Dahi bhallay and Fruit chart were taken in measured quantity in sterilized tubes and were soon be transported to lab. Different dilutions were prepared in sterile water. Initially the material was homogenized in measured amount of sterile water. The diluted portion of the suspensions of the samples was exposed to different concentration of Hydro caloric acid for different periods of time. Then the aliquots were spread over EMB agar plates which were subsequently incubated at 37 degree centigrade. Then colonies of Coliform bacteria were counted and acid resistance of the exposed bacteria was further worked out.

The dilemma of the environmental pollution on the grounds of indispensable industrial growth is, in realistic terms, the problem of dispensation of industrial waste, whether; it is in liquid, solid or gaseous form. These all three forms of wastes have a potential to pollute the water. These heavy metals have a damaging affect on plants and can pose health hazards to the humans and animals. Microorganisms have the ability to accommodate a variety of pollutants, both inorganic and organic. It is important to realize that microorganisms cannot destroy metals but have the ability to bind metal ions present in the external environment at the cell surface or to transport them into the cell for various intracellular functions. The removal of metals from distinct aqueous streams by biosorption and bioaccumulation has received significant attention. copper is one of the toxic heavy metals and bacteria resistant to copper have four main genes copA, copB copC and copD these genes help the bacteria to sequester copper from the outside environment.

Synthetic insecticides has long been involved in causing fetal diseases to human beings as well as cattle. Importance of biological control of insect pests is aan environment friendly approach. With advances in biotechnology, recombinant bacteria and other organisms are being developed for better control of insect pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) holds a central place among biocontrol agents. BT produces parasporal crystal proteins (Cry toxin) during sporulation phase of its growth. These toxins have defined spectra of toxicity to the target insects only, without doing any harm to friend insects. More than 260 Cry toxins have been reported so far. Of which Cry2 is toxic to lepidopteran as well as dipteran insects. When enters the insect midgut, the toxin gets activated by proteases present in the insect midgut, make holes in the gut, as a result insect loses homeostasis and eventually die without feeding.

A novel ELT resource for language specialists and teachers across the world, this selection of papers is a collection of the most compelling and innovative ideas presented at a seminar hosted by the Centre of English Language, Aga Khan University, Pakistan, in January 2011, entitled 'ELT in a Changing World: Innovative Approaches to New Challenges'. The book is divided into three sections, the first of which is 'Global change and language learning'. This section offers a guided tour of language teaching evolution, highlighting the merits of enhanced language awareness, self-immersive and input/output-based learning, and innovative pedagogical interventions. Section Two, 'Developments in Second Language theory and practice in Pakistan', reveals the findings of the latest research conducted in Pakistan on language policy scholarship, the development of traditional and e-learning environments, the relationship between language learning and immigration opportunities, and the impact of language ideologies on individual identities. Section Three, 'Learning innovations', discusses the need for change and fresh approaches to English language education, and highlights the efforts made within the context of Pakistan to ensure the successful implementation of holistic, needs-based and socially driven curricula. Highly readable and virtually jargon free, the book will prove to be an excellent resource for those seeking up-to-date information on the teaching of English in Pakistan and other related parts of the developing world today.