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In recent years, the use of inorganic antimicrobial agents has
attracted interest because of their industrial and medical
applications. The important advantages of antimicrobial inorganic
agents are improved safety and stability. Titanium complexes are
known to show variety of applications. These include role of
titanium coatings in infection control in the healthcare sector,
the food industry and in aviation. In order to get them accepted,
it will be necessary to show activity against relevant pathogens
and under conditions found in those industries.SBA 16 material has
excellent potential for application in environmental area due to
the control both the size and the shape of the pores in the
structure of this material, although it has been little exploited.
This study concluded that Ti SBA-16-type mesoporous material has
maximum antibacterial activity against E. coli, then against S.
aureus and then B. subtilis.
The human life has always been in danger from diseases caused by
microorganisms. Great attention has been paid to bacterial fight to
antibiotics in both human beings and animal populations for its
adverse impacts on morbidity and mortality from diseases caused by
resistant bacteria. It also causes economic costs of therapy and
real risks of the spread of resistant strains among animals and
humans.Administration of third generation Cephalosporins and
Aztreonam in an infection with confirmed ESBL producers would be
disastrous, because this would not only be ineffective thus
increasing mortality but simultaneously promoting ESBLs production
and leading to increased resistance.Emergence of
metallo-beta-lactamase-mediated resistance in Pakistan is a matter
of great concern. Carbapenems are effective therapeutic agents
against highly resistant pathogens like Pseudomonas spp. and
Acinetobacter spp. Spread of this resistance among these pathogens
and transfer to other Gram-negative bacteria would seriously
restrict our therapeutic options.
Beta lactamases are the group of enzymes which are produced by some
bacteria and they hydrolyze the -lactam ring of the -lactam
antibiotics. Different strains of gram negative bacteria were
isolated from these samples and identified as E. coli, Enterobacter
and Klebsiella. Sensitivity of these bacterial strains was checked
against different classes of antibiotics e. g. aminoglycosides,
cephalosporins, carbapenems and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by
disc diffusion technique. These strains were analyzed for the
production of beta lactamases which was then confirmed by double
disc diffusion test. Results have shown that high resistance of
beta lactamase +ve strains was found against cephalosporin and
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group and less resistance against
carbapenem (imipenem and meropenem) and aminoglycosides group."
The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial
activity of Bougainville spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers
dissolved in various solvents. Antimicrobial activity of different
solvent extracts of B. spectabilis was tested against poultry
strains of Salmonella gallinarum (S.gallinarum) and Escherichia
coli (E.coli) by disk diffusion method. Distilled water was used as
negative control, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin were used as
positive control in S. gallinarum and E.coli respectively. The
studies also include the qualitative analysis of various
phytochemical components e.g., (Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides,
Phlobatanins, Saponins, Tanins, Steroids and Terpenoids) present in
the B. spectabilis extracts of stem, leaves and flowers dissolved
in various solvents. By observing the inhibition zones there was no
significant difference in the results obtained for the different
extracts of the B. spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers. In this
way we may indicate that different parts of B. spectabilis have
potentials as antibacterial herbal remedies in poultry.
To observe adverse health effects of heavy metals, drinking water
samples (50) were randomly collected from Raja bolay village (RBV),
Ghanakar village (GV), Deu khurd (DK), Kahna nau (KN), and Green
cap housing society (GCHS). The results of physical parameters
showed that mean pH and conductivity value of water samples of all
the areas was greater than the standard value of WHO except in the
samples taken from Deu khurd (DK). Mean value of TDS was greater
than WHO in almost all the samples. Among heavy metals
concentration of Cr was greater than standard value provided by WHO
except in RBV (Raja bolay village) and GCHS (Green cap housing
society). Cu concentration was lower than WHO standard value of Cu
in drinking water. Mean concentration of Ni was very high in all
drinking water samples. The population residing in Kahna nau had a
high frequency of acute respiratory and kidney diseases, whereas
skin diseases were common in the residents of Green cap housing
society.
In the present study the samples of the root canal patients were
collected and cultured on Blood agar medium. A single colony of E.
faecalis was isolated and streaked on blood agar. Disc diffusion
method was used to test the antibiotics, mouthwashes and green tea
against E. faecalis. Out of the five mouthwashes (Clinica, Colgate,
Hi paradent, Macleans and Listerine); maximum antimicrobial
activity was showed by Clinica (24.0 0.4 mm). Macleans also showed
good results but Listerine showed least effect against E. faecalis.
The comparative studies showed a significant difference (p>0.05)
between the activity of antibiotics, mouthwashes and green tea.
Their antimicrobial activity increased with the increase in
concentration. Branded green tea showed maximum antimicrobial
activity than the non-branded while each antibiotic used in this
study has significant effects against E. faecalis.
Plants are reservoir of effective chemotherapeutics and can provide
valuable sources of natural antimicrobials. Bacteriocins are
natural antimicrobial peptides with interesting potential
applications in human health and exhibit a bactericidal mode of
action against related as well as unrelated microorganisms. In
present study Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins
susceptibility against Salmonella typhi was evaluated.
Bougainvillea spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers were extracted
in organic solvents through soxhlet and rotary evaporator. For the
bacteriocins screening, Lactococcus lactis was isolated from milk
samples. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the
antimicrobial activity. The results revealed that both the
Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins had antimicrobial
activity against S. typhi. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of
flowers and leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis were more active
against S. typhi. B. spectabilis and bacteriocins inhibition
activity proved them as the alternative antimicrobial agents
against human pathogens.
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