In recent years, the use of inorganic antimicrobial agents has attracted interest because of their industrial and medical applications. The important advantages of antimicrobial inorganic agents are improved safety and stability. Titanium complexes are known to show variety of applications. These include role of titanium coatings in infection control in the healthcare sector, the food industry and in aviation. In order to get them accepted, it will be necessary to show activity against relevant pathogens and under conditions found in those industries.SBA 16 material has excellent potential for application in environmental area due to the control both the size and the shape of the pores in the structure of this material, although it has been little exploited. This study concluded that Ti SBA-16-type mesoporous material has maximum antibacterial activity against E. coli, then against S. aureus and then B. subtilis.

The human life has always been in danger from diseases caused by microorganisms. Great attention has been paid to bacterial fight to antibiotics in both human beings and animal populations for its adverse impacts on morbidity and mortality from diseases caused by resistant bacteria. It also causes economic costs of therapy and real risks of the spread of resistant strains among animals and humans.Administration of third generation Cephalosporins and Aztreonam in an infection with confirmed ESBL producers would be disastrous, because this would not only be ineffective thus increasing mortality but simultaneously promoting ESBLs production and leading to increased resistance.Emergence of metallo-beta-lactamase-mediated resistance in Pakistan is a matter of great concern. Carbapenems are effective therapeutic agents against highly resistant pathogens like Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Spread of this resistance among these pathogens and transfer to other Gram-negative bacteria would seriously restrict our therapeutic options.

Beta lactamases are the group of enzymes which are produced by some bacteria and they hydrolyze the -lactam ring of the -lactam antibiotics. Different strains of gram negative bacteria were isolated from these samples and identified as E. coli, Enterobacter and Klebsiella. Sensitivity of these bacterial strains was checked against different classes of antibiotics e. g. aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by disc diffusion technique. These strains were analyzed for the production of beta lactamases which was then confirmed by double disc diffusion test. Results have shown that high resistance of beta lactamase +ve strains was found against cephalosporin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group and less resistance against carbapenem (imipenem and meropenem) and aminoglycosides group."

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Bougainville spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers dissolved in various solvents. Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of B. spectabilis was tested against poultry strains of Salmonella gallinarum (S.gallinarum) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) by disk diffusion method. Distilled water was used as negative control, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin were used as positive control in S. gallinarum and E.coli respectively. The studies also include the qualitative analysis of various phytochemical components e.g., (Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phlobatanins, Saponins, Tanins, Steroids and Terpenoids) present in the B. spectabilis extracts of stem, leaves and flowers dissolved in various solvents. By observing the inhibition zones there was no significant difference in the results obtained for the different extracts of the B. spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers. In this way we may indicate that different parts of B. spectabilis have potentials as antibacterial herbal remedies in poultry.

To observe adverse health effects of heavy metals, drinking water samples (50) were randomly collected from Raja bolay village (RBV), Ghanakar village (GV), Deu khurd (DK), Kahna nau (KN), and Green cap housing society (GCHS). The results of physical parameters showed that mean pH and conductivity value of water samples of all the areas was greater than the standard value of WHO except in the samples taken from Deu khurd (DK). Mean value of TDS was greater than WHO in almost all the samples. Among heavy metals concentration of Cr was greater than standard value provided by WHO except in RBV (Raja bolay village) and GCHS (Green cap housing society). Cu concentration was lower than WHO standard value of Cu in drinking water. Mean concentration of Ni was very high in all drinking water samples. The population residing in Kahna nau had a high frequency of acute respiratory and kidney diseases, whereas skin diseases were common in the residents of Green cap housing society.

In the present study the samples of the root canal patients were collected and cultured on Blood agar medium. A single colony of E. faecalis was isolated and streaked on blood agar. Disc diffusion method was used to test the antibiotics, mouthwashes and green tea against E. faecalis. Out of the five mouthwashes (Clinica, Colgate, Hi paradent, Macleans and Listerine); maximum antimicrobial activity was showed by Clinica (24.0 0.4 mm). Macleans also showed good results but Listerine showed least effect against E. faecalis. The comparative studies showed a significant difference (p>0.05) between the activity of antibiotics, mouthwashes and green tea. Their antimicrobial activity increased with the increase in concentration. Branded green tea showed maximum antimicrobial activity than the non-branded while each antibiotic used in this study has significant effects against E. faecalis.

Plants are reservoir of effective chemotherapeutics and can provide valuable sources of natural antimicrobials. Bacteriocins are natural antimicrobial peptides with interesting potential applications in human health and exhibit a bactericidal mode of action against related as well as unrelated microorganisms. In present study Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins susceptibility against Salmonella typhi was evaluated. Bougainvillea spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers were extracted in organic solvents through soxhlet and rotary evaporator. For the bacteriocins screening, Lactococcus lactis was isolated from milk samples. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity. The results revealed that both the Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins had antimicrobial activity against S. typhi. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of flowers and leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis were more active against S. typhi. B. spectabilis and bacteriocins inhibition activity proved them as the alternative antimicrobial agents against human pathogens.