This book provides a holistic view on the topics of peace and conflict, peace education, international relations and regional studies during the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century. It collects the studies, experience and analysis of faculty members of the University for Peace presented in three sections: regional and institutional outlook, and common challenges and interventions. Some of the topics in this book include the complex concept of peace; governance and security in Africa; peace and conflict in the Middle East; maritime security conflicts in South China Sea, the European Union in a multipolar world, religious fundamentalism and violent extremism; food security, climate change; and participatory action research in the culture of peace. Scholars, capacity building trainers, policy makers, politicians, lawyers, and individuals interested in international affairs among others might find in this book a diverse academic source for further analysis in their respective fields.

The second title in the new Contemporary Inter-American Relations Series, this book will provide the ideal introduction to US-Chilean relations.
From our strained Cold War relations and the Allende assassination to current democratic and economic development, The United States and Chile deftly traces the path of the relationship from early partners, through tense Cold War stand-offs, to the slowly warming relations of the present. The authors include information on General Augusto Pinnochet's human rights violations, his current prosecution for them, and the United States complicity in bringing him to power. Chile is only just now recovering from decades of political instability and government abuses and this volume provides a thorough look back, and an informed vision of the future.

The United States and Chile is the ideal introduction to U.S.- Chilean relations. From our strained Cold War relations and the Allende assassination to current democratic and economic development, senior scholars Mares and Aravena deftly trace the path of the relationship from early partners, through tense Cold War stand-offs, to the slowly warming relations of the present. The authors include information on General Augusto Pinochet's human rights violations, his current prosecution for them, and the United State's complicity in bringing him to power. Chile is only just now recovering from decades of political instability and government abuses, and this volume provides a thorough look back, and an informed vision of the future.

This book provides a holistic view on the topics of peace and conflict, peace education, international relations and regional studies during the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century. It collects the studies, experience and analysis of faculty members of the University for Peace presented in three sections: regional and institutional outlook, and common challenges and interventions. Some of the topics in this book include the complex concept of peace; governance and security in Africa; peace and conflict in the Middle East; maritime security conflicts in South China Sea, the European Union in a multipolar world, religious fundamentalism and violent extremism; food security, climate change; and participatory action research in the culture of peace. Scholars, capacity building trainers, policy makers, politicians, lawyers, and individuals interested in international affairs among others might find in this book a diverse academic source for further analysis in their respective fields.

Examining Latin American security in the post-Cold War era, policymakers and analysts from across the Americas assess the security threats and agendas of different subregions and evaluate the potential for wider hemispheric cooperation.
With the decline in Cold War tensions and external interference, along with a near-consensus favoring democracy and free market economics, Latin America faces an unusual opportunity to shape its own regional strategic agenda. Traditional threats such as border disputes must be addressed even while growing transnational problems challenge the capacities of young democracies. With increasing globalization, national security is inseparable from regional security and depends on the establishment of effective mechanisms for cooperation.
The contributors assess both the theoretical and empirical background of cooperation in the Americas, and argue that different subregions--such as the Caribbean Basin, the Andean nations, and the Southern Cone--approach cooperation from different strategic perspectives and traditions. They show that building hemispheric security requires pragmatic attention to local complexities and a concerted effort to emphasize common interests, including the defense of democracy, economic stability, citizens' security, and environmental protection.
The book asserts that the creation of a framework for regional cooperation will depend on the establishment at the local level of what it calls ConfidenceBuilding Measures (CBMs). It evaluates the potential roles of such international organizations as the Organization of American States and the Inter-American Defense Board, and studies the changing regional policies of the United States for their effectiveness and impact on regional security.

Examining Latin American security in the post-Cold War era, policymakers and analysts from across the Americas assess the security threats and agendas of different subregions and evaluate the potential for wider hemispheric cooperation.
With the decline in Cold War tensions and external interference, along with a near-consensus favoring democracy and free market economics, Latin America faces an unusual opportunity to shape its own regional strategic agenda. Traditional threats such as border disputes must be addressed even while growing transnational problems challenge the capacities of young democracies. With increasing globalization, national security is inseparable from regional security and depends on the establishment of effective mechanisms for cooperation.
The contributors assess both the theoretical and empirical background of cooperation in the Americas, and argue that different subregions--such as the Caribbean Basin, the Andean nations, and the Southern Cone--approach cooperation from different strategic perspectives and traditions. They show that building hemispheric security requires pragmatic attention to local complexities and a concerted effort to emphasize common interests, including the defense of democracy, economic stability, citizens' security, and environmental protection.
The book asserts that the creation of a framework for regional cooperation will depend on the establishment at the local level of what it calls ConfidenceBuilding Measures (CBMs). It evaluates the potential roles of such international organizations as the Organization of American States and the Inter-American Defense Board, and studies the changing regional policies of the United States for their effectiveness and impact on regional security.

A finales de la decada de los setenta se inicia la tercera ola de la democracia. America Latina rompio el ciclo politico que entre 1945-1978 produjo frecuentes oscilaciones entre regimenes democraticos y autoritarios. Por primera vez algunos paises experimentaron los procesos democraticos. A pesar de este hito historico, aun persisten amenazas para la consolidacion democratica. Los Estados deben enfrentar problemas de corrupcion, erosion de los Estados de Derecho, altos niveles de impunidad, falta de transparencia en las acciones gubernamentales, asi como altas tasas de desempleo, desigualdad, pobreza y violencia. Lo anterior se traduce en crecientes sentimientos anti-politicos y anti-democraticos en la region. La necesidad de generar politicas publicas en torno a la consolidacion de la gobernabilidad democratica es una de las razones por las cuales FLACSO esta desarrollando el proyecto "Gobernabilidad y convivencia democratica en America Latina" con el auspicio de la Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Este libro se inserta en este proyecto y recoge los aportes de los Consejeros a Titulo Individual de la FLACSO. Los autores contribuyen con la generacion de conocimiento sobre la gobernabilidad democratica desde un enfoque interdisciplinario, desde la politica, la ciudadania, la exclusion, la memoria y la demografia.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Democratic Governability
Politics, Citizenship, Exclusion, Memory and Demography
The late 1970s saw the beginning of the third wave of democracy. Latin America broke the political cycle that from 1945-1978 produced frequent oscillations between democratic and authoritarian regimes. Some countries experienced democratic processes for the first time. Despite this historic milestone, threats to democratic consolidation still persist. States must confront problems of corruption, the erosion of the rule of law, high levels of impunity, a lack of transparency in government actions, and high levels of unemployment, inequality, poverty and violence. This translates into increasing anti-political and anti-democratic feeling in the region. The need to generate public policies centered around the consolidation of democratic governability is one of the reasons why FLACSO is developing the project entitled "Governability and Democratic Coexistence in Latin America and the Caribbean," sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID). This book is part of that project and brings together the contributions of the Independent Advisors to FLACSO. The authors contribute towards the generation of knowledge on democratic governability in an interdisciplinary approach, from the perspectives of politics, citizenship, exclusion, memory and demography.

La integracion es una herramienta para enfrentar los desafios internacionales de la globalizacion, ademas de ser una busqueda constante por mejorar las condiciones para el desarrollo. Centroamerica debe buscar una integracion efectiva y una insercion global que le garantice acciones hacia un desarrollo sostenible. Los lideres democraticos de la region han identificado la necesidad de converger en aras de la estabilidad, el crecimiento economico y el fortalecimiento de los procesos de integracion regional a traves de nuevas opciones. El presente documento ha sido elaborado por la Secretaria General de FLACSO, a peticion de la Secretaria General del SICA, partiendo de la premisa que el fin ultimo a alcanzar requiere de una construccion gradual de los consensos necesarios entre los Estados Miembros del SICA, aprendiendo de otros procesos ya en curso e inventariando las bases ya existentes para emprender tal tarea. Los estudios que forman parte de este documento abarcan especificamente las experiencias y buenas practicas acumuladas por tres instancias regionales de integracion o concertacion: la Union Europea (UE), la Union Africana (UA) y la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM); un inventario y estudio de las acciones y/o posiciones en materia de politica exterior consignadas en las Declaraciones Presidenciales del SICA para el periodo 2000-2010; otro sobre las coincidencias y diferencias en las posiciones asumidas por los Estados Miembros del SICA en los distintos organos de las Naciones Unidas en el periodo 2000-2010 y finalmente las coincidencias en la Politica Exterior de los Estados Miembros del SICA en la Organizacion de Estados Americanos (OEA) para el periodo 2000- 2010.

Frente a un nuevo contexto global con multiples actores y sin un multilateralismo efectivo, el sistema multilateral se encuentra hoy en dia en crisis. Esto se debe, en gran parte, a la crisis economico financiera que se vive desde el 2008; a menor atencion de los Estados Unidos hacia America Latina y otras regiones del mundo y su inercia unilateral; al bloqueo en el sistema de Naciones Unidas y a la baja legitimidad de instituciones emergentes que no logran dar gobernabilidad global. En Occidente se constatan cambios profundos e importantes, como lo es la profundizacion de las relaciones de America Latina, particularmente de America del Sur, con la region Asia Pacifico; la consolidacion de China como socio comercial estrategico relevante para America Latina desplazando a la Union Europea, entre otros. Ademas las revoluciones y cambios en los paises arabes y los cambios en Africa reorientan prioridades y tendencias en Europa que sin duda repercuten en America Latina. Esta publicacion recoge las ideas centrales expuestas por destacados academicos (as) acerca de los cambios globales y las distintas visiones de paises hegemonicos de la region y fuera de ella; asi como acerca de las diplomacias de Cumbres como la de APEC, CELAC, de las Americas y la Union Europea y las ideas expuestas en torno a temas emergentes transnacionales como lo son el cambio climatico, la seguridad, la gobernanza, la gobernabilidad y la integracion. A su vez, se analizan los temas de seguridad y defensa de cara a los nuevos desafios del siglo XXI y los actores relevantes en la politica exterior hemisferica, tales como Canada, los Estados Unidos, Mexico y Brasil. Finalmente, esta publicacion cuenta con una reflexion acerca de la vision sobre los cambios que se han dado que continuan ocurriendo en el Sistema Internacional.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: International Relations in the 21st Century
Summit Diplomacy and Spaces of Regional and Global Agreement
Faced with a new global context that has multiple actors but no effective multilateralism, the multilateral system is now in crisis. This is largely due to the economic and financial crisis underway since 2008; to the United States paying less attention to Latin America and other regions of the world and its unilateral inertia; and to the deadlock in the United Nations system and the reduced legitimacy of emerging institutions, which are unable to achieve global governability. In the West, profound and important changes are being witnessed, such as the deepening of relations between Latin America, particularly South America, and the Asia Pacific region, and China's consolidation as a significant strategic trading partner for Latin America, supplanting other partners like the European Union. In addition, the revolutions and transformations occurring in Arab countries and the changes taking place in Africa are reorienting priorities and trends in Europe that no doubt affect Latin America. This publication brings together the main ideas presented by prominent academics with regard to these global changes and the different visions of hegemonic countries within and beyond the region; and to summit diplomacies such as that of APEC, CELAC, the Americas and the EU; as well as the ideas presented in relation to emerging transnational issues such as climate change, security, governance, governability and integration. In turn, the issues of security and defense are analyzed in relation to the new challenges of the 21st century and the relevant actors within hemispheric foreign policy, including Canada, the United States, Mexico and Brazil. Lastly, this work contains a reflection on this view of the changes that continue to take place within the International System.

America Latina y el Caribe es una region diversa y heterogenea en un mundo en mutacion. Las formas y tipos de insercion internacional de sus paises responden a miradas politico estrategicas distintas y eso se refleja en sus relaciones con otras regiones del mundo. La asociacion para la cooperacion aparece como una demanda efectiva para satisfacer los intereses nacionales y regionales tanto en la Union Europea como en America Latina y el Caribe. Esa cooperacion requiere establecer vinculos entre los diversos foros y procesos de coordinacion, cooperacion e integracion multilateral, regional y birregional dentro de una logica de gobernanza multinivel acorde con los cambios que conlleva la creciente multipolaridad. Para que la region latinoamericana y caribena aumente su influencia en el nuevo multilateralismo en construccion debera enfrentar un gran reto: construir una posicion comun en areas prioritarias, disenando, ademas, un proyecto politico estrategico que guie su insercion en el sistema internacional. En este sentido se observa en America Latina la emergencia de nuevas formas de asociacion a nivel intrarregional que se distinguen de los antiguos mecanismos de integracion. Asimismo se desarrollan entre las naciones de la region y los paises y grupos de paises fuera del continente nuevas relaciones que muestran la forma en que America Latina se esta insertando en un sistema con multiples actores. Ejemplo de ello son los BRICS y el G-20.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Global Links in a Complex Multilateral Context
Latin America and the Caribbean is a diverse and heterogeneous region in a transforming world. The forms and types of international insertion implemented by the region's countries correspond to different politico-strategic visions, and this is reflected in their relations with other regions of the world. Association for the sake of cooperation appears to be an effective demand for satisfying national and regional interests both in the European Union and in Latin America and the Caribbean. That cooperation requires the establishment of links between the different forums and processes of multilateral, regional and bi-regional coordination, cooperation and integration within a logic of multilevel governance that is in keeping with the changes brought about by increasing multi-polarity. In order for the Latin American and Caribbean region to increase its influence in the new multilateralism now being constructed, it must face an enormous challenge, which involves building a common position on priority areas, as well as putting together a politico-strategic project that can orient its insertion into the international system. Along these lines, Latin America is witnessing the emergence of new forms of association at the intra-regional level that differ from former integration mechanisms. Similarly, the new relationships being formed between the nations of the region and countries and groups of countries outside of the continent show how Latin America is becoming inserted into a system with multiple actors. Cases in point are the BRIC countries and the G-20.

La integracion regional pasa por comprender la complementariedad y el trabajo conjunto, las visiones compartidas y el fin ultimo del bienestar de las poblaciones por encima de tensiones e ideologias. Los retos del mundo actual, caracterizado por una amplia interdependencia, variados polos de poder y una reestructuracion de las visiones respecto a la forma de combatir las nuevas amenazas, que tienen particularidades propias de la epoca, exigen que America Latina logre construir objetivos estrategicos compartidos para que sus intereses sean escuchados en esta reconfiguracion del sistema mundial. America Latina no ha logrado establecer esta vision de conjunto ante ninguno de los actores internacionales de mayor peso; sin embargo debe destacarse el desarrollo de nuevas formas de vincularse con estos en condiciones mas horizontales con algunos resultados exitosos. A nivel subregional es importante observar la creacion de nuevos mecanismos o procesos de integracion que buscan adaptarse y responder al contexto actual. A pesar de ellos pareciera que America Latina en terminos de integracion regional ha logrado pocos avances concretos, tendencia que la creacion de nuevas propuestas de integracion necesariamente no resolvera.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Integrated or Marginalized?
Regional integration has to do with understanding complementarity and working together, with shared visions and the ultimate goal of putting the welfare of populations before tensions and ideologies. The challenges of today's world, characterized by a broad interdependence, varied hubs of power and a restructuring of visions on how to combat new threats, which have features particular to the age, require Latin America to succeed in building shared strategic objectives so that its interests are heard in this reconfiguration of the world system. Latin America has not managed to establish this joint vision in regard to any of the major international actors; however, it should be emphasized that new ways of relating to them in a more horizontal manner have been developed with some degree of success. At the sub-regional level it is important to observe the creation of new integration mechanisms or processes that seek to adapt and respond to the current context. In spite of this, it would appear that, in terms of regional integration, Latin America has achieved little concrete progress, a tendency that the creation of new integration initiatives will not necessarily resolve.

Los temas de caracter global que configuran la nueva agenda internacional obligan a las regiones y paises a disenar respuestas coordinadas entre los Estados y entre estos y los actores no estatales. La region de America Latina y el Caribe no esta exenta de esto. Para enfrentar estos nuevos procesos y sus consecuencias nacionales y regionales se requiere de la asociacion para la cooperacion. Tanto en el ambito politico como en el economico, el multilateralismo global continua en crisis. La necesidad de mayor cooperacion demanda que deban superarse estas deficiencias y que se establezcan normas basicas que busquen un bien comun, disminuyan el conflicto, y potencien la participacion de los paises de la region. Los analisis que se presentan en este libro desean contribuir al conocimiento y la construccion de mejores formas de relacionamiento entre los paises de America Latina y el Caribe a nivel intrarregional, y entre estos y el sistema internacional, partiendo de que la agenda latinoamericana en temas prioritarios es muy similar, los temas globales forman parte esencial de la agenda regional y que muchos temas hemisfericos son "intermesticos" para todos, aunque con consecuencias muy diferentes. Sin embargo, la forma de resolverlos, prevenirlos, y a quien se acude para trabajarlos, aun resulta muy disimil.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Multilateralism versus Sovereignty
Building the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
The issues of a global nature that make up the new international agenda force regions and countries to formulate responses coordinated between States, as well as between them and non-state actors. The region of Latin America and the Caribbean is no exception. Dealing with these new processes and their national and regional consequences requires association for the sake of cooperation. In both the political and economic arena, global multilateralism continues to be in crisis. The need for greater cooperation demands that these weaknesses be overcome and that basic rules be established to pursue the common good, reduce conflict and boost the participation of the countries in the region. The analyses presented in this book aim to contribute to the understanding and construction of better ways for the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean to relate to each other at the intra-regional level, and also to the international system. The starting point is that, on priority issues, the Latin American agenda is very similar, global issues form an essential part of the regional agenda and many hemispheric issues are 'intermestic' for all concerned. However, there is still a great deal of difference with regard to the way such issues are resolved and prevented, and whose responsibility this is deemed to be.

La convivencia democratica solo es posible en un entorno de confianza. La confianza es el fundamento de toda relacion social que no este sustentada en la fuerza. En contextos democraticos recurrir a la imposicion es una practica ilegitima y reprochable, por lo que se deben establecer relaciones diferentes, relaciones de confianza. La confianza aumenta las posibilidades de cooperacion mas alla de la interaccion con personas conocidas. Por otro lado, la confianza reduce los costos de transaccion en las relaciones sociales y agiliza la toma de decisiones. Es el punto de partida para la derivacion de reglas para la conducta apropiada. La confianza actua como una columna vertebral en la interaccion de las personas, en la relacion de los ciudadanos con el Estado y las instituciones, asi como en la relacion bilateral, regional o multilateral de los paises para hacerle frente a los desafios del acontecer mundial. Este libro forma parte del proyecto "Gobernabilidad y convivencia democratica en America Latina y el Caribe," el cual cuenta con el auspicio de la Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Los autores afirman que la confianza es un ingrediente clave para la consolidacion de la gobernabilidad y la convivencia democraticas. Cada uno desarrolla distintas dimensiones de la confianza, la confianza politica, la confianza academica, la confianza empresarial, la confianza diplomatica, la confianza militar y la confianza desde los pueblos originarios.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Trust, a scarce good?
Democratic coexistence is only possible in an environment of trust. Trust is the foundation for any social relationship not based on force. In democratic contexts, resorting to imposition is an illegitimate and reprehensible practice, which is why it is necessary to establish different relationships - relationships of trust. Trust increases the chances of cooperation beyond interaction with prior acquaintances. In addition, trust reduces transaction costs in social relationships and speeds up decision making. It is the starting point for formulating rules on appropriate behavior. Trust acts as the backbone of interaction between people, and the relations between citizens and the State and institutions, as well as the bilateral, regional or multilateral relations established by countries to deal with the challenges posed by world events. This book forms part of the project entitled "Governability and Democratic Coexistence in Latin America and the Caribbean," sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID). The authors contend that trust is a key ingredient in the consolidation of democratic governance and coexistence. Each looks at different dimensions of trust: political trust, academic trust, business-related trust, diplomatic trust, military trust and the trust of native peoples.

La Cooperacion Sur-Sur retoma su importancia. La alta heterogeneidad y las apremiantes necesidades de los paises de renta media, como los latinoamericanos, muestran que los flujos de ayuda internacional son insuficientes, pues se han desplazado en una importante proporcion a otras regiones del mundo. Ademas, dentro de estos paises se ha venido observando la disposicion en aumento de ser actores importantes en el proceso de cooperacion para el desarrollo de otras naciones. Este libro busca aportar al analisis de las formas en que las distintas modalidades de cooperacion para el desarrollo que se observan en la region latinoamericana se estan manifestando y cuales son sus desafios y potencialidades en un contexto dinamico y con retos complejos. Con las contribuciones de estos importantes autores y autoras el libro busca contribuir en la generacion de conocimiento respecto al camino a seguir para lograr que la cooperacion internacional, en cualquiera de sus modalidades, logre ser mas eficaz y contribuir de manera efectiva en el desarrollo de las naciones.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: New forms of Cooperation
South-South dimensions
South-South cooperation has acquired renewed importance. The enormous heterogeneity and the pressing needs of middle income countries, like those of Latin America, demonstrate that international aid flows are insufficient, since they have largely shifted to other regions of the world. In addition, within these countries there has been an increasing willingness to be important actors in the cooperation process for the development of other nations. This book seeks to contribute to the analysis of the ways in which the different modalities of cooperation for development can be observed in the Latin American region and the challenges and potentialities they face in a dynamic and complex context. Through the contributions of these distinguished authors, the book aims to help generate knowledge on the path to follow to ensure that international cooperation, in any of its forms, is more efficacious and contributes more effectively to the development of nations.