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In this second volume on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics we
shall show how it is possible, using the methodology presented in
Volume I, to deduce some of the most important applications of
quantum mechanics. These deductions are concerned with the
structures of the micro systems rather than the technical details
of the construction of preparation and registration devices.
Accordingly, the only new axioms (relative to Volume I) which are
introduced are concerned with the relationship between ensemble
operators W, effect operators F, and certain construction
principles of the preparation and registration devices. The
applications described here are concerned with the measurement of
atomic and molecular structure and of collision experiments. An
additional and essential step towards a theoretical description of
the preparation and registration procedures is carried out in
Chapter XVII. Here we demonstrate how microscopic collision
processes (that is, processes which can be described by quantum
mechanics) can be used to obtain novel preparation and registration
procedures if we take for granted the knowledge of only a few
macroscopic preparation and registration procedures. By clever use
of collision processes we are often able to obtain very precise
results for the operators Wand F which describe the total
procedures from a very imprecise knowledge of the macroscopic parts
of the preparation and regis tration processes. In this regard
experimental physicists have done brilliant work. In this sense
Chapter XVII represents a general theoretical foundation for the
procedures used by experimental physicists."
This book is the first volume of a two-volume work, which is an
improved version of a preprint [47] published in German. We seek to
deduce the funda mental concepts of quantum mechanics solely from a
description of macroscopic devices. The microscopic systems such as
electrons, atoms, etc. must be detected on the basis of the
macroscopic behavior of the devices. This detection resembles the
detection of the dinosaurs on the basis offossils. In this first
volume we develop a general description of macroscopic systems by
trajectories in state spaces. This general description is a basis
for the special de scription of devices consisting of two parts,
where the first part is acting on the second. The microsystems are
discovered as systems transmitting the action. Axioms which
describe general empirical structures of the interactions between
the two parts of each device, give rise to a derivation of the
Hilbert space structure of quantum mechanics. Possibly, these
axioms (and consequently the Hilbert space structure) may fail to
describe other realms than the structure of atoms and mole cules,
for instance the "elementary particles". This book supplements ref.
[2]. Both together not only give an extensive foundation of quantum
mechanics but also a solution in principle of the measuring
problem.
Die Quantenmechanik hat seit ihrem Beginn immer wieder diskutierte
Pro- bleme in Bezug auf ihre "Interpretation" gestellt. Auch heute
noch wer- den die Fragen nach der Rolle des Bewusstseins, nach
Objektivitat oder Subjektivitat, nach der Bedeutung der sogenannten
"Reduktion der Wellen- pakete" mit aller Leidenschaftlichkeit
diskutiert. Viele meinen, dass nur eine AEnderung der klassischen
Aussagelogik zu einer mehrwertigen "Wahr- scheinlichkeitslogik" es
ermoeglicht, die Quantenmechanik zu interpretieren. Die
Leidenschaftlichkeit, mit der alle diese Fragen diskutiert werden,
zeigt zweierlei: 1. Dass die Grundaussagen der Quantenmechanik
begrifflich viel zu ver- schwommen sind, so dass die einzelnen
durchaus verschiedene In- halte bei Benutzung desselben Wortes
meinen. Solche unklaren Be- griffe sind "Zustand", "Observable",
"Beobachter", "Eigenschaft", "Aussage" (Proposition) und ahnliche.
2. Dass die Diskussion der vermeintlich nur physikalischen Fragen
tat- sachlich in der Tiefe beherrscht wird von "philosophisch -
weltan- schaulichen" Vorentscheidungen. Die entscheidende
Grundstruktur derQuantenmechanik, die zu den erwahn- ten
Fragestellungen fuhrt, ist die Benutzung von Operatoren des
Hilbert- raumes zur Beschreibung der Wahrscheinlichkeit von
Messergebnissen, wie es kurz in Kapitel I rekapituliert wird.
Kapitel I versucht die bekannte Zusammenfassung der
quantenmechanischen Grundpostulate nach J. v. Neumann zu
formulieren, damit der Leser an Bekanntes anschliessen kann.
Kapitel I erhebt daher keinen Anspruch, eine systematische
axiomatische Formulierung im Sinne der Mathematik zu sein; IV im
Gegenteil soll Kapitel I als Zusammenfassung heuristischer
Prinzipien noch einmal, kurz die "Bedurftigkeit" nach einer echten
Grundlegung der Quantenmechanik aufweisen.
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book
may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages,
poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the
original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We
believe this work is culturally important, and despite the
imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of
our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in
the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields
in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as
an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification:
++++ De Humore Cutem Inungente Christian G. Ludwig, Franz
Grutzmacher Imprim. Ulric. Christian. Saalbach, 1748
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book
may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages,
poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the
original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We
believe this work is culturally important, and despite the
imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of
our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in
the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields
in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as
an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification:
++++ Aphorismi Botanici Christian G. Ludwig
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book
may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages,
poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the
original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We
believe this work is culturally important, and despite the
imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of
our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in
the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields
in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as
an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification:
++++ Tratado Completo De Enfermedades Mercuriales; Enciclopedia De
Medicina, Cirugia Y Farmacia G. Ludwig Dieterich Antonio Calleja
((Viuda e Hijos de)) Santiago de Palacios y Villalba Viuda e Hijos
de Antonio Calleja, 1845 Medical; Infectious Diseases; Medical /
Infectious Diseases
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book
may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages,
poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the
original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We
believe this work is culturally important, and despite the
imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of
our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in
the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields
in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as
an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification:
++++ De Cuticula ... Christian G. Ludwig, Johann C. Schoss Ex
officina Langenhemiana, 1739 Health & Fitness; Beauty &
Grooming; Health & Fitness / Beauty & Grooming; Medical /
Dermatology; Nails (Anatomy)
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book
may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages,
poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the
original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We
believe this work is culturally important, and despite the
imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of
our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in
the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields
in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as
an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification:
++++ De Medicamentorum Contrariorum Compositione Christian G.
Ludwig Ex officina Langenhemia, 1758 Medical; Clinical Medicine;
Medical / Clinical Medicine; Therapeutics
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