This book introduces and develops new algebraic methods to work with relations, often conceived as Boolean matrices, and applies them to topology. Although these objects mirror the matrices that appear throughout mathematics, numerics, statistics, engineering, and elsewhere, the methods used to work with them are much less well known. In addition to their purely topological applications, the volume also details how the techniques may be successfully applied to spatial reasoning and to logics of computer science. Topologists will find several familiar concepts presented in a concise and algebraically manipulable form which is far more condensed than usual, but visualized via represented relations and thus readily graspable. This approach also offers the possibility of handling topological problems using proof assistants.

The investigations refer to the development of plant phenology since the 1960s in Germany. Spatiotemporal trends were assessed by means of regression kriging. It could be shown that there already is a distinct shift of phenological onset towards the beginning of the year of up to two weeks. In future, a shift of up to one month was calculated till 2080. Moreover, a prolongation of the vegetation period of up to three weeks was found. The findings are relevant for the development of mitigation measures to prevent from environmental, agricultural and economic issues due to climate change.

Relational methods can be found at various places in computer science, notably in data base theory, relational semantics of concurrency, relationaltype theory, analysis of rewriting systems, and modern programming language design. In addition, they appear in algorithms analysis and in the bulk of discrete mathematics taught to computer scientists. This book is devoted to the background of these methods. It explains how to use relational and graph-theoretic methods systematically in computer science. A powerful formal framework of relational algebra is developed with respect to applications to a diverse range of problem areas. Results are first motivated by practical examples, often visualized by both Boolean 0-1-matrices and graphs, and then derived algebraically.

This 2-volume work represents the proceedings of the First European Workshop on Fault Diagnostics, Reliability and Re- lated Knowledge-Based Approaches held in the Island of Rho- des, Greece (August 3l-September 3, 1986). This Workshop was organized in the framework of a joint research project spon- sored by the Commission of the European Communi ties under the Stimulation Action Programme. The principal aim of the Workshop was to bring together people working on the numeric and symbolic (knowledge-based) treatment of reliability and fault diagnosis problems, in order to promote the interaction and exhange of ideas, expe- riences and results in this area. The workshop was a real success, with SS papers presen- ted and 70 participants. A second Workshop of the same na- ture has been decided to be held in Manchester (UMIST), - gland, in April 1987. . The two volumes contain sufficient amount of informa- tion which reflects very well the state-of-the-art of the field, and shows the current tendency towards knowledge-ba- sed (expert systems) and fault-tolerant approaches. Volume 1 contains the contributions on fault diagnostics and reliability issues (numeric treatment), and Vo*lume 2 the contributions on knowledge~based and fault-tolerant techni- ques. We are grateful to the Commission of the European Com- munities for having sponsored the Workshop, and to all au- thors for their high quality contributions and presenta- tions.

This book constitutes the major results of the EU COST (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) Action 274: TARSKI - Theory and Applications of Relational Structures as Knowledge Instruments - running from July 2002 to June 2005.

The 17 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected for presentation. The papers are devoted to further understanding of interdisciplinary issues involving relational reasoning by addressing relational structures and the use of relational methods in applicable object domains such as non-classical logics, multimodal logics and relational logics, binary relation logic, algebraic logic, fuzzy preference relations, lattices, dominance relationship, extending aggregation operators, and various applications.

Relational structures abound in our daily environment: relational databases, data mining, scaling procedures, preference relations, etc. As the documentation of scientific results achieved within the European COST Action 274, TARSKI, this book advances the understanding of relational structures and the use of relational methods in various application fields.

The 12 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected for presentations. The papers are devoted to mechanization of relational reasoning, relational scaling and preferences, and algebraic and logical foundations of real world relations.

The fields of control and robotics are now at an advanced level of maturity both in theory and practice. Numerous systems are used effectively in industrial production and other sectors of modern life. This volume contains a well-balanced collection of over fifty papers focusing on analysis and design problems. The current trends and advances in the fields are reflected. Topics covered include: system analysis, identification and stability optimal, adaptive, robust and QFT controller design design and application of driving simulators industrial robots and telemanipulators mobile, service, and legged robots virtual reality in robotics The book brings together important original results derived from a variety of academic and engineering environments. Also, it serves as a timely reference volume for the researcher and practitioner.

The calculus of relations has been an important component of the development of logic and algebra since the middle of the nineteenth century, when Augustus De Morgan observed that since a horse is an animal we should be able to infer that the head of a horse is the head of an animal. For this, Aristotelian syllogistic does not suffice: We require relational reasoning. George Boole, in his Mathematical Analysis of Logic of 1847, initiated the treatment of logic as part of mathematics, specifically as part of algebra. Quite the opposite conviction was put forward early this century by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead in their Principia Mathematica (1910 - 1913): that mathematics was essentially grounded in logic. Logic thus developed in two streams. On the one hand algebraic logic, in which the calculus of relations played a particularly prominent part, was taken up from Boole by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wished to do for the "calculus of relatives" what Boole had done for the calculus of sets. Peirce's work was in turn taken up by Schroder in his Algebra und Logik der Relative of 1895 (the third part of a massive work on the algebra of logic). Schroder's work, however, lay dormant for more than 40 years, until revived by Alfred Tarski in his seminal paper "On the calculus of binary relations" of 1941 (actually his presidential address to the Association for Symbolic Logic).

Das 12. Fachgesprach Autonome Mobile Systeme (AMS '96) findet am 14. und 15. Okt. 1996 an der Technischen Universitat Munchen statt. Die Organisation liegt in den Handen des Sonderforschungsbereiches "Informationsverarbeitung in autonomen, mobilen Handhabungs- systemen" (SFB 331). Mit 26 Fachbeitragen in zwei parallelen Sitzungsreihen, zwei Plenar- vortragen und einer offenen Podiumsdiskussion, die Trends in Anwendung und Forschung der AMS beleuchtet, bietet das 12. Fachgesprach wahrend dreier Halbtage ein aktuelles Vor- trags- und Diskussionsprogramm. Neben Fragen der Sensorik, Videosensorik, Lokalisation, Navigation, der Steuerung, Planung, Koordination und Kooperation werden auch neuartige Anwendungen und industrielle Komponenten vorgestellt und diskutiert. Eine breitere Beach- tung im Vergleich zu vorausgegangenen Fachgesprachen finden Anwendungen autonomer Fahrzeuge im freien Gelande. So wird in diesem Jahre erstrnals der Einsatz in der pflanzli- chen Produktion und der Schiffsfuhrung erortert. Dies gilt in gleicher Weise fur GPS (Global Positioning System)-Komponenten und deren Anwendung. Dieses Fachgesprach versteht sich, wie auch seine Vorganger, primar als eine Plattform des kritischen Wissens-und Informationsaustausches deutschsprachiger Forschergruppen im Be- reich autonomer mobiler Roboter und Systeme. Dennoch oder gerade deshalb ist es befruch- tend, auch internationale Gaste in das Fachgesprach eingebunden zu haben. Eine Bereiche- rung bilden auch verschiedene industrielle und institutionelle Ausstellungsobjekte, die im Foyer vor den Tagungsraumen einen angemessenen Platz finden und sicher ein lebhaftes In- teresse auf sich ziehen werden. Als eine Besonderheit dieses 12.

This volume presents the proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science (WG '94), held in Herrsching, Germany in June 1994.
The volume contains 32 thoroughly revised papers selected from 66 submissions and provides an up-to-date snapshot of the research performed in the field. The topics addressed are graph grammars, treewidth, special graph classes, algorithms on graphs, broadcasting and architecture, planar graphs and related problems, and special graph problems.

This volume contains contributions to the 17th International workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science (WG '91) held in Southern Bavaria in June 1991. These annual workshops are designed to bring together researchers using graph-theoretic methods to discuss new developments relating to or emerging from a diversity of application fields. The topics covered in this volume include: tree-related problems, graph grammarsand rewriting, complexity, computational geometry, parallel algorithms, vertex orderings, path-oriented algorithms, applications to VLSI, and disjoint cycle problems.

This volume is a collection of 22 papers presented at the International Workshop on Information Processing in Autonomous Mobile Robots, held in Munich (Germany) in March 1991. Autonomous mobile robot technologies are generating significant interest because of their potential capabilities for future applications on the plant floor as weil as in the service industry. Autonomous robots may navigate around factories and laboratories, hospitals, office-buildings, airports or sirnilar public and sernipublic places. They may deliver equipment, coilect garbage and perform other such tasks. One of the major challenges for the field of autonomous mobile robot research is to develop robust and real-time systerns for perception and understanding of complicated real environments as weil as for intelligent decision-making with respect to proper actions. This Workshop was set up to stimulate discussion and the exchangement of new ideas on various aspects of autonomous mobile robot methodologies and applications. The main focal points of the Workshop program were sensing and perception, navigation and control, knowledge bases and computer architechtures as weil as various applications. The papers are prepared by leading experts in theses areas from Europe, Japan, the United States and by researchers involved in the interdisciplinary research project on "Information Processing in Autonomous Mobile Robots (Sonderforschungsbereich 331)" at the Technische Universitat Munchen."

This 2-volume work represents the proceedings of the First European Workshop on Fault Diagnostics, Reliability and Re- lated Knowledge-Based Approaches held in the Island of Rho- des, Greece (August 3l-September 3, 1986). This Workshop was organized in the framework of a joint research project spon- sored by the Commission of the European Communi ties under the Stimulation Action Programme. The principal aim of the Workshop was to bring together people working on the numeric and symbolic (knowledge-based) treatment of reliability and fault diagnosis problems, in order to promote the interaction and exhange of ideas, expe- riences and results in this area. The workshop was a real success, with SS papers presen- ted and 70 participants. A second Workshop of the same na- ture has been decided to be held in Manchester (UMIST), - gland, in April 1987. . The two volumes contain sufficient amount of informa- tion which reflects very well the state-of-the-art of the field, and shows the current tendency towards knowledge-ba- sed (expert systems) and fault-tolerant approaches. Volume 1 contains the contributions on fault diagnostics and reliability issues (numeric treatment), and Vo*lume 2 the contributions on knowledge~based and fault-tolerant techni- ques. We are grateful to the Commission of the European Com- munities for having sponsored the Workshop, and to all au- thors for their high quality contributions and presenta- tions.

Graph-theoretic concepts are developed by computer scientists in order to model algorithms, nets, rewriting systems, distributed systems, parallelism, geometric and layout concepts. Their complexity is studied under various randomness assumptions. This volume contains contributions to the twelfth of a series of annual workshops designed to bring together researchers using graph-theoretic methods. Its purpose is to broadcast emerging new developments from and to a diversity of application fields. The topics covered include: Graph Grammars, Graph Manipulation, Nets, Complexity Issues, Algorithmic and Network Considerations, Outerplanar Graphs, Graph Isomorphism, Parallelism and Distributed Systems, Graphs and Geometry, Randomness Considerations, Applications in Chemistry, Specific Algorithms. N

Long ago~ the welfare of a sooiety used to depend heavily on the skill and dedioation of its oraftsmen - the miller~ the blaok- smith~ the oobbler and the tailor. These oraftsmen aoquired their skill by a long and poorly paid apprentioeship to some master of their oraft. They learned by imitation and experienoe~ and by tri- al and error. They did not read books or study soienoe~ they knew nothing of the theory of their subjeot~ the geometry of their ru- dimentary drawings~ nor the mathematios underlying their primitive oaloulations. They oould not explain how or why they used their methods; yet they worked effeotively by themselves or in small teams to oomplete their tasks at a predioted oost~ to a fairly well predioted timesoale~ and usually to the satisfaotion of their olients. The programmer of today shares many of these attributes of a oraftsman. He learns his oraft by apprentioeship in an existing team of programmers - but his apprentiaeship is highZy paid and usually very short. He develops his skill by trial; but mostly by error. He does not study theory~ or even read books on Computer Soience. He knows nothing of the logical and mathematical founda- tions of his profession; and he hates to explain or justifY~ or even to dooument what he has done.

This book investigates the spatial distribution of potential temperature-driven malaria transmissions, using the basic reproduction rate (R0) to model the reproduction of the malaria pathogen Plasmodium vivax. The authors mapped areas at risk of an outbreak of tertian malaria in the federal state of Lower Saxony (pre-study) and for whole Germany (main-study) by means of geostatistics for past (1947-2007) and future periods. Projections based on predicted monthly mean air temperature data derived from the IPCC and regionally discriminated by two regional climate models (REMO, WettReg) for the countrywide study.

Das Buch gibt einen Einblick in systemische Verknupfungen, denen der Anbau von gentechnisch veranderten Pflanzen in Deutschland unterliegen wurde. Es thematisiert Verknupfungen, die sich zwischen oekologischen und sozialen Systemzusammenhangen herstellen lassen. Bisherige Betrachtungen widmeten sich dem Thema entweder aus oekologischer Perspektive oder thematisieren (agrar-)politische Zusammenhange. Das Buch resultiert aus einem Forschungsprojekt, in welchem das BMBF die Erforschung sozialoekologischer Wechselwirkungen gefoerdert hat.

Der Band Autonome Mobile Systeme 1999 gibt einen Uberblick uber aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse auf dem Gebiet autonomer mobiler und/oder robotischer Systeme. Dabei werden Fragestellungen zu Sensorsystemen, Umgebungsmodellierung, Lokalisierung und Navigation von mobilen Robotern inkl. Laufrobotern sowie der Planung und Ausfuhrung von Manipulationsaufgaben behandelt.

Dieses Buch gibt eine neuartige systematische Darstellung der Diskreten Mathematik; sie orientiert sich an Methoden der Relationenalgebra. Ahnlich wie man es sonst nur fur die weit entwickelte Analysis im kontinuierlichen Fall und die Matrizenrechnung gewohnt ist, stellt dieses Buch auch fur die Behandlung diskreter Probleme geeignete Techniken und Hilfsmittel sowie eine einheitliche Theorie bereit. Die einzelnen Kapitel beginnen jeweils mit anschaulichen und motivierenden Beispielen und behandeln anschliessend den Stoff in mathematischer Strenge. Es folgen jeweils praktische Anwendungen. Diese entstammen der Semantik der Programmierung, der Programmverifikation, dem Datenbankbereich, der Spieltheorie oder der Theorie der Zuordnungen und Uberdeckungen aus der Graphentheorie; sie reichen aber auch bis zu rein mathematischen "Anwendungen" wie der transfiniten Induktion. Im Anhang ist dem Buch eine Einfuhrung in die Boolesche Algebra und in die Axiomatik der Relationenalgebra beigegeben, sowie ein Abriss der Fixpunkt- und Antimorphismen-Theorie.

Die Ergebnisse einer intelligenten Verschmelzung der drei groBen C's - Com uter, Control, Communication - werden irgendwo deutlicher sichtbar als in den Produkten der modernen industriellen MeB- und Automatisierungstechnik. Nicht umsonst kann diese Sparte der Elektrotechnik weltweit ein deutlich Uber dem Durchschnitt liegen- des Wachstum fUr sich verbuchen. Die INTERKAMA'86 - der seit 1957 inzwischen 10. Internationale KongreB mit Ausstellung fUr MeB- und Automatisierungstechni- gibt erneut Herstellern und Anwendern, Ingenieuren und Wissenschaftlern eine her- vorragende Gelegenheit, Fortschritte und Leistungen ihrer Branche umfassend zu demonstrieren und sich darUber zu informieren. Eine wichtige Rolle im INTERKA A-Konzept spielt der zweitKtige Internationale KongreB, der in diesem Jahr unter dem Leitthema "Fortschritte der MeB- und Automatisierungstechnik durch Informationstechnik" steht und mit insgesamt ca. 70 Plenar-, Ubersichts- und Fachvortragen wichtige Entwicklungen und technische Trends seines Fachgebietes aufzeigt. Neben Erfahr ngs- berichten und Bewertungen zu jUngst eingefUhrten Automatisierungstechniken, der Diskussion und Darstellung technisch-wissenschaftlicher HintergrUnde fUr neue Ver- fahren und Produkte stehen Vorausschauen auf Entwicklungen, die moglicherweise schon auf der INTERKAMA'89 ihren praktischen Niederschlag finden.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

Relational mathematics is to operations research and informatics what numerical mathematics is to engineering: it is intended to help modelling, reasoning, and computing. Its applications are therefore diverse, ranging from psychology, linguistics, decision aid, and ranking to machine learning and spatial reasoning. Although many developments have been made in recent years, they have rarely been shared amongst this broad community of researchers. This comprehensive 2010 overview begins with an easy introduction to the topic, assuming a minimum of prerequisites; but it is nevertheless theoretically sound and up to date. It is suitable for applied scientists, explaining all the necessary mathematics from scratch using a multitude of visualised examples, via matrices and graphs. It ends with tangible results on the research level. The author illustrates the theory and demonstrates practical tasks in operations research, social sciences and the humanities.