With the impending retirement of some 76 million baby boomers in a period of huge government deficits, public anxiety about the social and economic health of an aging nation is widespread. The policy debates are contentious -- from deciding who should receive limited subsidized housing and medical services to the ongoing battle over "saving" Social Security and other entitlement programs. Some policy makers and pundits forecast disaster: elderly people will be put out to pasture with inadequate health care and financial resources, and a crumbling social welfare infrastructure will implode under the strain of intergenerational conflict.

In Aging Nation, renowned experts James H. Schulz and Robert H. Binstock agree that there is considerable cause for concern but insist that a demographic tsunami is not inevitable. Drawing from the most current data, the authors provide an in-depth analysis of the nation's evolving private and public policies on retirement, faltering employer pensions, health care, workplace conditions, and entitlement programs. They consider such timely issues as poverty among older people, rejoining the workforce after retirement, Social Security and health care reform, as well as the rise of elderly people as a powerful political force.

Dispelling popular myths and misconceptions perpetrated by politicians and pundits, Schulz and Binstock consider the economic, political, and social challenges arising from the aging U.S. population, and present a balanced -- and reassuring -- assessment of the future.

Das Buch behandelt die beiden wichtigsten Aufgabenstellungen im Rahmen des wirtschaftlich und wissenschaftlich ausserst bedeutenden Gebietes der Testvorbereitung: die automatische Testmustergenerierung und die Fehlersimulation. Alle im Buch beschriebenen Methoden und Verfahren zielen zum einen auf die Minimierung des dazu erforderlichen Rechenzeitaufwandes und zum anderen auf die Bewaltigung moglichst grosser Schaltungskomplexitaten. Besonderer Wert wurde auf eine prazise, formal konsistente und illustrative Beschreibung und auf eine moglichst vollstandige Aufbereitung der einschlagigen Literatur und somit des Standes der Technik gelegt. Das Buch enthalt eine Fulle neuer Methoden, die eine wesentliche Beschleunigung von Testmustergenerierungs- und Fehlersimulationsverfahren ermoglichen, und dokumentiert den mit diesen Methoden erzielten Fortschritt anhand einer Reihe von vergleichenden Untersuchungen. Ausserdem wird mit SOCRATES das derzeit leistungsfahigste der aus der Literatur bekannten Testmustergenerierungssysteme detailliert vorgestellt. Neben der Hilfestellung bei Implementierungsaufgaben gibt das Buch eine detaillierte Darstellung der Problematik des Testens integrierter Schaltungen und speziell der Prinzipien der automatischen Testmustergenerierung und der schnellen Fehlersimulation. Daruber hinaus kann es als Richtschnur fur Spezialvorlesungen nach dem Vordiplom (Elektrotechnik und Informatik) dienen sowie als Ansatz- und Ausgangspunkt fur Forschungsaktivitaten auf verwandten Forschungsgebieten.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Der heute fast auf allen Gebieten durchgefuhrte Austauschbau verlangt Werkstucke, die das vorgeschriebene MaB innerhalb sehr enger Grenzen inne halten. Zu ihrer Kontrolle - und somit auch zur Erreichung des Zieles einer volligen Austauschbarkeit - werden MeBgerate gebraucht, die naturgemaB wesentlich genauer sein mussen als die zugelassenen Toleranzen der Werk stucke. Die MeBgerate mussen nun ihrerseits durch andere kontrolliert und eingestellt werden, an deren Genauigkeit wieder entsprechend hohere Anspruche zu stellen sind. So kommt es, daB die als letzte Normale in der Technik dienenden EndmaBe ihre GroBe bis auf wenige Zehntausendstel Millimeter innehalten und selbst auf mindestens Hunderttausendstel Millimeter gemessen werden mussen. Die Einheit des technischen MeBwesens ist dadurch heute das Tausendstel Millimeter, das Mikron oder My (fl), geworden und in die Fabrik laboratorien haben die wissenschaftlichen MeBmethoden, die fruher auf wenige, besonders dafUr eingerichtete Institute beschrankt waren, in immer weiterem Umfange Eingang gefunden. Namentlich in etwa den letzten zehn Jahren hat sich die industrielle MeBtechnik in ungeahntem MaBe entwickelt. Eine groBe Reihe neuer MeBgerate ist entstanden, die vor allem durch die Verwendung optischer Methoden (Lupe, Mikroskop und Fernrohr) und, fur die feinsten Mes sungen, durch die Benutzung der Interferenz des Lichtes gekennzeichnet sind. Einen Uberblick uber die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der MeBtechnik und uber die fur das technische MeBwesen geeigneten Gerate zu geben, war das Ziel der ersten, im Jahre 1921 erschienenen Auflage und ist auch - un verandert - das der jetzt vorliegcnden geblieben."

The Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura; dove) is the most harvested migratory game bird in North America and a ubiquitous species that is valued and easily recognized by the general public. Informed harvest management of this important recreational resource requires knowledge of harvest attributes and population vital rates, several of which are estimable from banding and from hunter-harvested birds. We conducted a national-scale banding program in 2003 - 2005 to generate such data for estimation of band reporting rates, harvest rates, distribution and derivation of harvest, and annual survival rates. The study required training of a new cadre of biologists in field techniques and establishment of data collection and management protocols, as well as providing an opportunity to evaluate logistics and costs associated with the large-scale study design. During 2003 - 2005, biologists in 29 participating states banded nearly 100,000 birds, and hunters have reported almost 5,000 bands to date from harvested doves. In 2004 and 2005, a proportion of the trapped and released doves received an extra reward band which allowed estimation of the probability that a hunter reported a band from a harvested dove to the United States Geological Survey Bird Banding Laboratory. This reporting rate varied considerably among geographic regions (range: 0.40 - 0.85). Weighted average adult harvest rates for the Eastern Management Unit and Central Management Unit were similar. Adult harvest rates were greatest in the Western Management Unit, but this estimate was influenced by the single large estimate from California in 2005. Juvenile harvest rates were greatest in the Eastern Management Unit and similar in the Central Management Unit and Western Management Unit. With the exception of only a few states in the northern U.S., at least 80% of the harvest of banded adults and juveniles occurred in the state of banding. Similarly, with only a few exceptions, nearly all recoveries in each state were derived from banded cohorts in the same state. Average adult subregion survival rates were generally greater than corresponding subregion juvenile survival rates. Comparison to results from reporting rate studies conducted more than 30 years ago suggests a large average increase in reporting rate, probably due to the availability of the Bird Banding Laboratory toll-free telephone number for reporting bands. The last national-scale dove banding study was conducted more than 30 years ago, and a comparison of harvest rates suggests current harvest rate estimates for both age classes in Eastern Management Unit and Western Management Unit states are generally less than previous estimates, while estimates are greater or about the same in Central Management Unit states. Survival rates from the earlier study were significantly greater for both age classes in the Eastern Management Unit and the Central Management Unit, but no differences were found in the Western Management Unit. We did not find any important changes in harvest distribution or derivation patterns within the management units. This study provided the foundation for an operational long-term banding program that is critical to the implementation of the National Mourning Dove Strategic Harvest Management Plan (Anonymous 2005), which describes the conceptual framework for an improved, informed system of harvest management for doves.

Ordnungspolitische Massnahmen loesen vielfaltige Anpassungsreaktionen der Marktakteure aus. Es fehlt jedoch ein einheitliches und standardisiertes Bewertungsverfahren, um die Dynamik und Anpassungen auf Markten zu ermitteln und zu beurteilen. Das Forschungsziel der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens fur die gesamtwirtschaftliche Bewertung der Marktwirkungen von ordnungspolitischen Massnahmen. Analytischer Ausgangspunkt ist die Industrieoekonomik, mit der der Wirkungszusammenhang von Marktstruktur, -verhalten und -ergebnis realitatsnah abgebildet werden kann. Um die Marktdynamik, Interdependenzen und Interaktionen zu erfassen, muss der industrieoekonomische Ansatz um eine system-dynamische Modellierung erweitert werden. Veranderungen des Marktsystems koennen damit unter Berucksichtigung aller Zusammenhange simultan ermittelt werden. Mit einem empirischen Anwendungsfall wird die Anwendbarkeit der system-dynamischen Modellierung demonstriert. Kleine und mittelstandische Unternehmen sind einem hohen Anpassungsdruck ausgesetzt, weil sie nur einen geringen Einfluss gegenuber der Politik haben. Als Beispiel fur einen mittelstandisch strukturierten Markt wird daher der Strassenguterverkehr gewahlt. Ordnungspolitische Eingriffe haben auf diesem Markt zudem weitergehende gesamtwirtschaftliche Auswirkungen, da es sich um einen Vorleistungsmarkt handelt. Fur Lkw-Maut und Unterinvestitionen in die Strasseninfrastruktur werden die Wirkungen auf die Marktdynamik und die Marktanpassungen im Strassenguterverkehr system-dynamisch modelliert. Es werden Aussagen zu folgenden Marktindikatoren getroffen: Fahrleistungen, Fahrzeugauslastung, Entwicklung des Verkehrsleistungsangebots, Marktanteile, Beschaftigtenzahl und Gewinne. Aufgrund des anwendungsorientierten Ansatzes leistet das Buch nicht nur einen Beitrag fur die industrieoekonomische und system-dynamische Forschungsrichtung, sondern es richtet sich auch an Entscheidungstrager in Unternehmen und in der Politik.

Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of genetic material (usually DNA; but can also be RNA) is broken and then joined to a different DNA molecule. In eukaryotes recombination commonly occurs during meiosis as chromosomal crossover between paired chromosomes. This process leads to off-springs having different combinations of genes from their parents and can produce new chimeric alleles. In evolutionary biology this shuffling of genes is thought to have many advantages, including that of allowing sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet. However, a recombination pathway in DNA is any way by which a broken DNA molecule is reconnected to form a whole DNA strand. In molecular biology "recombination" can also refer to artificial and deliberate recombination of disparate pieces of DNA, often from different organisms, creating what is called recombinant DNA. Enzymes called recombinases catalyse natural recombination reactions. RecA, the recombinase found in E. coli, is responsible for the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). In yeast and other eukaryotic organisms there are two recombinases required for repairing DSBs. The RAD51 protein is required for mitotic and meiotic recombination and the DMC1 protein is specific to meiotic recombination. This book presents the latest research in the field.

With the impending retirement of some 76 million Baby Boomers, understanding the economic, political, and social issues related to the aging population is paramount. If the doom-and-gloomers have their way, the elderly will be put out to pasture, with inadequate health care and financial resources, and a crumbling social welfare system. In Aging Nation, renowed experts in the field, James Schulz and Robert Binstock, agree that there is considerable cause for concern, but with a variety of sound policies and programs in place and smart individual choices, the elderly can prosper, and a demographic tsunami is not inevitable. Drawing from the most current data, the authors provide in-depth analysis of the nation's evolving private and public policies on retirement, faltering employer pensions, health care, workplace conditions, and entitlement programs, and consider such timely issues as poverty among the elderly, rejoining the workforce after retirement, Social Security and health care reform, and the rise of the elderly as a powerful political force. Dispelling popular myths and misconceptions that are perpetrated by politicians and pundits alike, they provide a comprehensive and balanced assessment of the issues and their impact on everyone, old and young. Deserving poor or greedy geezers? The debate rages on. In a period of huge government deficits and the impending retirement of some 76 million Baby Boomers, understanding the economic, political, and social issues related to the aging population is paramount. The policy debates have never been more contentious; they range from deciding who should receive limited subsidized housing and medical services to the ongoing battle over saving Social Security and other entitlement programs. If the doom-and-gloomers have their way, the elderly will be put out to pasture, with inadequate health care and financial resources, and a crumbling social welfare infrastructure that will implode under the strain of intergenerational conflict. This book debunks most aging crises put forth by merchants of doom and offers a new policy focus for our nation. In Aging Nation, renowned experts in the field, James Schulz and Robert Binstock, agree that there is considerable cause for concern, but with a variety of sound policies and programs in place and smart individual choices, the elderly can prosper, and a demographic tsunami is not inevitable. Drawing from the most current data, the authors provide in-depth analysis of the nation's evolving private and public policies on retirement, faltering employer pensions, health care, workplace conditions, and entitlement programs, and consider such timely issues as poverty among the elderly, rejoining the workforce after retirement, Social Security and health care reform, and the rise of the elderly as a powerful political force. Dispelling popular myths and misconceptions that are perpetrated by politicians and pundits alike, they provide a comprehensive and balanced assessment of these issues and their impact on everyone, old and young.

Still the definitive book on the subject, this volume has been thoroughly revised to cover rapidly changing aspects of the economics of aging. It provides an in-depth examination of the nation's evolving private and public policies on retirement, pension, and health, including, for instance, the dramatic changes in employer-sponsored pensions. New attention is given to the retirement of baby boomers and the financial situation of older women, many of whom still live in poverty. Other topics added to this edition include the proposed new way of measuring poverty, new economic implications of demographic aging, the concept of productive aging', an update on reverse annuity mortgages, hybrid pension plans and pension privatization, and current information on Social Security. This highly readable book is essential for everyone concerned with gerontology.

A thorough, rich, and current work, this book is the most comprehensive resource available for students, policymakers, researchers, human resource directors, and in short, all who have a personal or professional interest in the essential questions facing the growing aging population in the United States. It examines changes in retirement patterns, problems of older workers, and the complexity of retirement preparation, as well as pension plan health costs and all the programs affecting financial security.

Still the definitive book on the subject, this volume has been thoroughly revised to cover rapidly changing aspects of the economics of aging. It provides an in-depth examination of the nation's evolving private and public policies on retirement, pension, and health, including, for instance, the dramatic changes in employer-sponsored pensions. New attention is given to the retirement of baby boomers and the financial situation of older women, many of whom still live in poverty. Other topics added to this edition include the proposed new way of measuring poverty, new economic implications of demographic aging, the concept of productive aging', an update on reverse annuity mortgages, hybrid pension plans and pension privatization, and current information on Social Security. This highly readable book is essential for everyone concerned with gerontology. A thorough, rich, and current work, this book is the most comprehensive resource available for students, policymakers, researchers, human resource directors, and in short, all who have a personal or professional interest in the essential questions facing the growing aging population in the United States. It examines changes in retirement patterns, problems of older workers, and the complexity of retirement preparation, as well as pension plan health costs and all the programs affecting financial security.

This book examines claims that aging populations will create serious economic problems for various nations. It examines the question in large part through the eyes of researchers and legislators in three target countries: Australia, Japan, and the United States. These countries were chosen because of similar states of economic development and because all were experiencing a rapid aging of their populations. A comprehensive overview is provided of the economic issues related to aging populations. Several aspects are explored in more depth. To date, it is the most complete and thorough study of economic issues associated with population aging. After a brief review of the phenomenon of demographic aging, the authors give a summary of the major economic programs offered to the aged. Extensive research is used to evaluate the concept of dependency ratios and to predict the impact on younger and older persons of future economic and demographic growth. This discussion then provides the basis for a review of evolving retirement policies in the three countries. Special attention is given to the way pension plans have been designed, especially early and mandatory retirement policies. An assessment of the adequacy of retirement income follows. The final three chapters are devoted to policy options for the future, given trends in demographic aging. Social scientists and economists will be most interested in this study.