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Present study aimed at the detection of microbial contamination
present in commercially available and freshly prepared orange juice
samples collected from different localities of Lahore, Pakistan.
Results showed the presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus
spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. in
commercially available orange juices which clearly demonstrates the
unhygienic conditions of processing plants. In most localities, the
freshly squeezed orange juices were hygienically very poor as
bacterial loads on the whole were abnormally high. Based on the
presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus
spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Erwinia spp., Salmonella
spp., Klebsiella spp., Coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp. and
Leuconostoc spp. in fresh orange juices, it is concluded that
juices in certain areas inside the city are highly impacted and
unfit for human consumption. It is agreed that such type of
contamination is the result of bad quality water used for dilution
of juices, unhygienic surroundings and location of stalls by the
side of a busy road with vehicular traffic or by the side of waste
disposal and overcrowding.
Plants are reservoir of effective chemotherapeutics and can provide
valuable sources of natural antimicrobials. Bacteriocins are
natural antimicrobial peptides with interesting potential
applications in human health and exhibit a bactericidal mode of
action against related as well as unrelated microorganisms. In
present study Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins
susceptibility against Salmonella typhi was evaluated.
Bougainvillea spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers were extracted
in organic solvents through soxhlet and rotary evaporator. For the
bacteriocins screening, Lactococcus lactis was isolated from milk
samples. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the
antimicrobial activity. The results revealed that both the
Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins had antimicrobial
activity against S. typhi. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of
flowers and leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis were more active
against S. typhi. B. spectabilis and bacteriocins inhibition
activity proved them as the alternative antimicrobial agents
against human pathogens.
Heart Failure is a progressive disease in which initial cardiac
damage leads to further deterioration of cardiac function and,
finally, damage the other organs. Heart disease and kidney disease
are intertwined. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
under the influence of a hormone called Erythropoietin (EPO). EPO
is glycosylated protein (molecular weight 30,000 - 34,000 Daltons).
When kidney disease develops, the production of EPO by kidneys goes
down, resulting in anemia. Anemia can propagate and worsen heart
failure. The principal functions of EPO are to stimulate
proliferation and maturation of bone marrow erythroid precursors,
to affect the expansion of progenitor cells by repressing
apoptosis, to act as a mitogen for increasing EPO production, to
decreases maturation time of erythrocytes in the bone marrow and
effective alternative to red-cell transfusion. Recombinant EPO has
been used in treatment of Anemia of chronic diseases e.g. heart,
liver, HIV and Anemia associated with cancer radiation therapy and
chemotherapy. The use of Erythropoietin will result in increased
hemoglobin related to improved outcomes in patients with
CHF-associated anemia.
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