Present study aimed at the detection of microbial contamination present in commercially available and freshly prepared orange juice samples collected from different localities of Lahore, Pakistan. Results showed the presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. in commercially available orange juices which clearly demonstrates the unhygienic conditions of processing plants. In most localities, the freshly squeezed orange juices were hygienically very poor as bacterial loads on the whole were abnormally high. Based on the presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Erwinia spp., Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Leuconostoc spp. in fresh orange juices, it is concluded that juices in certain areas inside the city are highly impacted and unfit for human consumption. It is agreed that such type of contamination is the result of bad quality water used for dilution of juices, unhygienic surroundings and location of stalls by the side of a busy road with vehicular traffic or by the side of waste disposal and overcrowding.

Plants are reservoir of effective chemotherapeutics and can provide valuable sources of natural antimicrobials. Bacteriocins are natural antimicrobial peptides with interesting potential applications in human health and exhibit a bactericidal mode of action against related as well as unrelated microorganisms. In present study Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins susceptibility against Salmonella typhi was evaluated. Bougainvillea spectabilis stem, leaves and flowers were extracted in organic solvents through soxhlet and rotary evaporator. For the bacteriocins screening, Lactococcus lactis was isolated from milk samples. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity. The results revealed that both the Bougainvillea spectabilis and bacteriocins had antimicrobial activity against S. typhi. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of flowers and leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis were more active against S. typhi. B. spectabilis and bacteriocins inhibition activity proved them as the alternative antimicrobial agents against human pathogens.

Heart Failure is a progressive disease in which initial cardiac damage leads to further deterioration of cardiac function and, finally, damage the other organs. Heart disease and kidney disease are intertwined. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow under the influence of a hormone called Erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is glycosylated protein (molecular weight 30,000 - 34,000 Daltons). When kidney disease develops, the production of EPO by kidneys goes down, resulting in anemia. Anemia can propagate and worsen heart failure. The principal functions of EPO are to stimulate proliferation and maturation of bone marrow erythroid precursors, to affect the expansion of progenitor cells by repressing apoptosis, to act as a mitogen for increasing EPO production, to decreases maturation time of erythrocytes in the bone marrow and effective alternative to red-cell transfusion. Recombinant EPO has been used in treatment of Anemia of chronic diseases e.g. heart, liver, HIV and Anemia associated with cancer radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The use of Erythropoietin will result in increased hemoglobin related to improved outcomes in patients with CHF-associated anemia.