From an international comparative perspective, this third book in the prestigious eduLIFE Lifelong Learning series provides a thorough investigation into how social inequalities arise during individuals' secondary schooling careers. Paying particular attention to the role of social origin and prior performance, it focuses on tracking and differentiation in secondary schooling, examining the short- and long-term effects on inequality of opportunities. It looks at ways in which differentiation in secondary education might produce and reproduce social inequalities in educational opportunities and educational attainment. Models of Secondary Education and Social Inequality brings together a number of cross-national and country studies conducted by well-known experts in the field. In contrast to existing empirical research, this book reconstructs individuals educational careers step-by-step, providing a longitudinal perspective essential for an appropriate understanding of the dynamics of inequalities in secondary education. The international viewpoint allows for an illuminating comparison in light of the different models, rules and procedures that regulate admission selection and learning in different countries. This book will be of great interest to policymakers, researchers and professional experts in the field, including sociologists, pedagogues, international political scientists and economists, and also serves as a major text for postgraduate and postdoctoral courses. Contributors include: A. Basler, C. Blank, H.-P. Blossfeld, Y. Brinbaum, S. Buchholz, M. Buchmann, W. Carbonaro, J. Chesters, D. Contini, J. Dammrich, H. Ditton, J. Dronkers, J. Erola, R. Erikson, H. Esser, G. Farges, H. Fend, E. Grodsky, C. Guegnard, M. Haynes, A.C. Holtmann, D. Horn, C. Iannelli, C. Imdorf, A. Karhula, M. Kazjulja, T. Keller, E. Kilpi-Jakonen, M. Klein, M. Koomen, R. Korthals, Y. Kosyakova, I. Kriesi, N. Kulic, D. Kurakin, W. Lauterbach, P. McMullin, S. Mollegaard, J. Murdoch, P. Robert, F. Rudolphi, E. Saar, A. Schier, S. Schuhrer, Y. Shavit, J. Skopek, E. Smyth, K. Taht, E. Tenret, M. Triventi, S. Wahler, F. Wohlkinger, M. Yaish, D. Yanbarisova, G. Yastrebov, M. Zielonka

Recognizing that social change over recent decades has strengthened the need for early childhood education and care, this book seeks to answer what role this plays in creating and compensating for social inequalities in educational attainment. Compiling 13 cross-national and multidisciplinary empirical studies on three interrelated topics, this book explores how families from different social backgrounds decide between types of childcare, how important parental care and resources at home are for children's educational success and the consequences of early education and care for children's diverging educational destinies. Analysing a currently neglected area in sociological research, expert contributors employ the most recent country-specific longitudinal datasets in order to provide an up-to-date portrayal of the patterns and mechanisms of early educational inequality. With its extended analytical window ranging from short- to long-term educational outcomes this book will undoubtedly appeal to students and scholars in the fields of childcare, education, and social inequality. It also contains important suggestions and evidence for practitioners and policymakers trying to combat inequality in educational opportunities. Contributors include: M. Attig, H.-P. Blossfeld, S. Bloemeke, A. Breinholt, Y. Brilli, M. Broekhuizen, S. Buchholz, J. Dammrich, E. Dearing, D. Del Boca, A.-Z. Duvander, J. Erola, G. Esping-Andersen, E.C. Frede, A. Karhula, E. Kilpi-Jakonen, Y. Kosyakova, N. Kulic, P. Leseman, F. McGinnity, P. McMullin, T. Moser, H. Mulder, A. Murray, D. Piazzalunga, C. Pronzato, H.-G. Rossbach, H. Russell, J. Skopek, P. Slot, W. Steven Barnett, M. Triventi, S. van Schaik, J. Verhagen, I. Viklund, S. Wahler, S. Weinert, G. Yastrebov, H.D. Zachrisson

Marriage and social inequality are closely interrelated. Marriage is dependent on the structure of marriage markets, and marriage patterns have consequences for social inequality. This book demonstrates that in most modern societies the educa tional system has become an increasingly important marriage market, particularly for those who are highly qualified. Educational expansion in general and the rising educational participation of women in particular unintentionally have increased the rate of "assortative meeting" and assortative mating across birth cohorts. Rising educational homogamy means that social inequality is further enhanced through marriage because better (and worse) educated single men and women pool their economic and sociocultural advantages (and disadvantages) within couples. In this book we study the changing role of the educational system as a marriage market in modern societies from a cross-national comparative perspective. Using life-history data from a broad range of industrialized countries and longitudinal statistical models, we analyze the process of spouse selection in the life courses of single men and women, step by step. The countries included in this book vary widely in important characteristics such as demographic behavior and institutional characteristics. The life course approach explicitly recognizes the dynamic nature of partner decisions, the importance of educational roles and institutional circum stances as young men and women move through their life paths, and the cumulation of advantages and disadvantages experienced by individuals."

Serving as both a student textbook and a professional reference/handbook, this volume explores the statistical methods of examining time intervals between successive state transitions or events. Examples include: survival rates of patients in medical studies, unemployment periods in economic studies, or the period of time it takes a criminal to break the law after his release in a criminological study. The authors illustrate the entire research path required in the application of event-history analysis, from the initial problems of recording event-oriented data to the specific questions of data organization, to the concrete application of available program packages and the interpretation of the obtained results. Event History Analysis: * makes didactically accessible the inclusion of covariates in semi-parametric and parametric regression models based upon concrete examples * presents the unabbreviated close relationship underlying statistical theory * details parameter-free methods of analysis of event-history data and the possibilities of their graphical presentation * discusses specific problems of multi-state and multi-episode models * introduces time-varying covariates and the question of unobserved population heterogeneity * demonstrates, through examples, how to implement hypotheses tests and how to choose the right model.

The value of this book is the rich and highly informative account of variations regarding gender differences at labour market entry across different industrialized countries, and the use of longitudinal data. Hans-Peter Blossfeld and his first-class team bring to the fore how gender differences arise at the transition from school-to-work, and to what extent women are able to convert their educational attainment in labor market positions. Bringing together evidence from across countries, readers will come to understand the crucial role of institutional structures in shaping gender inequalities in life course transitions.' - Ingrid Schoon, UCL Institute of Education, UK'This volume provides essential reading for anyone interested in the relation between men and women in the labour market. By concentrating on the crucial transition from school to work in a large number of countries, the authors investigate to what extent the increased female advantage in education is converted into advantage in occupational attainment. By comparing countries, which differ in terms of educational and labour market organisation, the authors show how the opportunities of women and men vary - sometimes in unexpected ways.' - Robert Erikson, Stockholm University, Sweden 'The degree to which women have seen occupational and economic returns to their rising educational attainment relative to men largely remains an open question. This volume is the first comprehensive and highly-coordinated research effort to address this question with state of the art data and methods for a broad range of industrialized countries. . . Social scientists, policy makers, politicians, and students will all learn a great deal about the current state of gender inequalities at labor market entry across many countries and gain insights into what changes the future may bring.' - from the foreword by Claudia Buchmann, The Ohio State University, US For much of the twentieth century, women lagged considerably behind men in their educational attainment. However, in recent decades, young women have become an important source of human capital for labor markets in modern societies, as well as potential competitors to the male workforce. This book asks whether or not women have been able to convert their educational success into gains on the labor market. The expert contributors address the topic on a comparative level with discussions centred on gendered school-to-work transitions and gendered labor market outcomes. Thereafter they analyze the country-specific implications of the gender redress from a wide range of countries including the USA, Russia and Australia. This enlightening book will appeal to graduates and postgraduates studying social policy, education, the labor market, inequality and gender. It will also be of interest to experts in the fields of sociology, education, political science and economics and those interested in educational research. Contributors: P. Barbieri, D.B. Bills, H.-P. Blossfeld, Y. Brinbaum, C. Brzinsky-Fay, S. Buchholz, S. Buchler, G. Cutuli, J. Dammrich, A.M. Dockery, K. Hallden, J. Harkoenen, D. Horn, S. Hupka-Brunner, C. Imdorf, T. Keller, E. Kilpi-Jakonen, Y. Kosyakova, D. Kurakin, M. Lugo, P. McMullin, P. Miret-Gamundi, S. Mollegaard Pedersen, E. Saar, S. Scherer, S. Schuhrer, J. Skopek, K. Taht, D. Trancart, M.Triventi, M. Unt, D. Vono de Vilhena, S. Wahler, F. Weiss

Globalization, Uncertainty and Women's Careers assesses the effects of globalization on the life courses of women in thirteen countries across Europe and America in the second half of the 20th century.The book represents the first-ever longitudinal analysis of micro-level data from these OECD countries focusing exclusively on women's relationship to the labor market in a globalizing world. The contributors thoroughly examine women's employment entries, exits and job mobility and present evidence of women's increased labor market attachment and reduced employment quality in most of the countries studied. They also systematically consider the life course changes influenced by larger transformations in society and, in doing so, explicitly link the phenomena of globalization to individual women's lives in Europe and North America. Highlighting the consequences of specific national policies on women's lives, women's labor market participation, and demographic phenomena such as low fertility, this book will prove invaluable to academics, students, researchers, practitioners and policymakers seeking to understand the effects of international social change on national contexts and individual lives.

As industrial societies increasingly evolve into knowledge-based economies, the importance of education as a lifelong process is greater than ever. This comprehensive book provides a state-of-the-art analysis of adult learning across the world and within varying institutional contexts. The expert contributors examine the structures of formal and non-formal adult learning in different countries, and investigate the levels of success those countries have experienced in encouraging participation and skill formation. The book offers a cross-section of international perspectives, with chapters focusing on Australia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, Sweden and the United States. Using empirical, longitudinal data from each of these countries, the contributors identify which types of learning are converted into positive labor market outcomes and assess the potential of adult learning for reducing social inequalities. This book will be of great use to both academics and policymakers with an interest in adult learning, sociology, education and inequality, and the economics of work. Contributors: P. Barbieri, C. Barone, H.-P. Blossfeld, S. Buchholz, S. Buchler, J. Chesters, G. Csanadi, A. Csizmady, G. Cutuli, J. Dammrich, C. Elman, D. Hamplova, M. Haynes, A. Higginson, E. Kilpi-Jakonen, Y. Kosyakova, M. Lugo, P. Martikainen, P. McMullin, P. Miret-Gamundi, V. Myrup Jensen, E. Reichart, P. Robert, E.-L. Roosmaa, E. Saar, S. Scherer, S. Schuhrer, N. Simonova, O. Sirnioe, A. Stenberg, M. Triventi, J. Unfried., M. Unt, D. Vono de Vilhena, S. Wahler, F. Weiss

This is the first book to systematically track postwar changes in family formation in Western Europe and the United States. Cohabitation and motherhood outside of marriage have become more widespread at the same time that women's social roles are evolving. Women are attaining higher levels of education, marrying at an older age, more frequently working outside the home, and have more reproductive freedom due to new advances in contraception. In this original collection of essays, sociologists and demographers from eight Western European countries and the United States use longitudinal data to compare national variations and explain the connection between the new role of women and family formation in postwar society. The contributors provide a thorough review of the social demographic literature to advance a variety of hypotheses about the relationships between changing women's education and family formation outcomes, which are empirically examined and compared across countries.

This topical and timely analysis of late career and retirement within nine European societies and the USA examines how social inequality structures have developed in an era of globalization and aging populations. For several decades, many European societies relied on pushing and luring older workers out of employment by using generous early retirement programs in order to relieve national labor markets in times of globalization. However, as this book argues, one of the major challenges facing European and Northern American societies today is their severe demographic aging, which in turn places pension systems under substantial pressure due to the rising imbalance between those claiming pensions and those contributing to the pension system. Indeed, it is observed herein that in the recent past, governments have tried to increase the labor market attachment of older employees by retrenching early retirement benefits. This study investigates how these developments have impacted on the situation of older workers and retirees in nine European societies and the USA. In particular, the book looks at how social inequalities in later life have developed in the light of recent pension reforms. This informative book will appeal to sociologists, demographers, political scientists and economists interested in many different aspects of research including: international comparative research, globalization, labor market, welfare state, social inequality and research on aging. Researchers in the field of retirement and globalization studies will also find this book helpful, as will academics in labor market research and comparative political studies.

Nowadays, event history analysis can draw on a well-established set of statistical tools for the description and causal analysis of event history data. The second edition of Event History Analysis with Stata provides an updated introduction to event history modeling, along with many instructive Stata examples. Using the latest Stata software, each of these practical examples develops a research question, refers to useful substantive background information, gives a short exposition of the underlying statistical concepts, describes the organization of the input data and the application of the statistical Stata procedures, and assists the reader in performing a substantive interpretation of the obtained results. Emphasising the strengths and limitations of event history model techniques in each field of application, this book demonstrates that event history models provide a useful approach with which to uncover causal relationships or to map out a system of causal relations. It demonstrates how long-term processes can be studied and how changing context information on the micro, meso, and macro levels can be integrated easily into a dynamic analysis of longitudinal data. Event History Analysis with Stata is an invaluable resource for both novice students and researchers who need an introductory textbook and experienced researchers (from sociology, economics, political science, pedagogy, psychology, or demography) who are looking for a practical handbook for their research.

This book studies the transformation of work in couples in Germany, the Netherlands, the Flemish part of Belgium, Italy, Spain, Great Britain, the United States, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, and China. It provides evidence that gender role change in couples has been slow and asymmetric, and demonstrates the importance of institutional differences among modern societies, determining the timing, speed, and pattern of the transition from male breadwinner to the dual-earner family mode.

Including new developments and publications which have appeared since the publication of the first edition in 1995, this second edition:
*gives a comprehensive introductory account of event history modeling techniques and their use in applied research in economics and the social sciences;
*demonstrates that event history modeling is a major step forward in causal analysis. To do so the authors show that event history models employ the time-path of changes in states and relate changes in causal variables in the past to changes in discrete outcomes in the future; and
*introduces the reader to the computer program Transition Data Analysis (TDA). This software estimates the sort of models most frequently used with longitudinal data, in particular, discrete-time and continuous-time event history data.
"Techniques of Event History Modeling" can serve as a student textbook in the fields of statistics, economics, the social sciences, psychology, and the political sciences. It can also be used as a reference for scientists in all fields of research.

The relationship between rational choice theory and large-scale data analysis has become an important issue for sociologists. Though rational choice theory is well established in both sociology and economics, its influence on quantitative empirical sociology has been surprisingly limited. This book examines why there is hardly a link between the t

Examining how youths in fourteen industrialized societies make the transition to adulthood in an era of globalization and rising uncertainty, this collection of essays investigates the impact that institutions working with social groups of youths have upon those youths' abilities to make adult decisions determining their life courses. Covering both Europe and North America, the book includes case studies, and contains country-specific contributions on conservative, social-democratic, post-socialist, liberal and familistic welfare regimes, as well as data from the GLOBALIFE project. Filling the gap in the market on the micro effects of globalization on individuals, and taking an empirical approach to the topic, this impressive volume brings the individual and nation-specific institutions back into the discussion on globalization.

Globalization has been strongly shaping and transforming both national economies and individual careers in recent decades. These profound changes have had significant consequences for individual careers of men and women both during and after their employment career. This impressive new collection focuses on the effects of the globalization process on late-midlife workers and the exit from employment a relationship that has up to now mostly been neglected in social science literature on aging and employment.
The research documented within these pages poses several important questions:
* Has globalization produced fundamental shifts in late-midlife workers labor market participation and late careers?
* What transformations in old age career mobility can we observe?
* How are these transformations filtered by different national institutional settings?
With an impressive array of contributions, this volume will interest students and academics involved in the study of sociology, welfare and globalization.

Globalization has been strongly shaping and transforming both national economies and individual careers in recent decades. These profound changes have had significant consequences for individual careers of men and women both during and after their employment career. This impressive new collection focuses on the effects of the globalization process on late-midlife workers and the exit from employment - a relationship that has up to now mostly been neglected in social science literature on aging and employment. The research documented within these pages poses several important questions: * Has globalization produced fundamental shifts in late-midlife workers' labor market participation and late careers? * What transformations in old age career mobility can we observe? * How are these transformations filtered by different national institutional settings? With an impressive array of contributions, this volume will interest students and academics involved in the study of sociology, welfare and globalization.

This is the first book to systematically track postwar changes in family formation in Western Europe and the United States. Cohabitation and motherhood outside of marriage have become more widespread at the same time that women's social roles are evolving. Women are attaining higher levels of education, marrying at an older age, more frequently working outside the home, and have more reproductive freedom due to new advances in contraception. In this original collection of essays, sociologists and demographers from eight Western European countries and the United States use longitudinal data to compare national variations and explain the connection between the new role of women and family formation in postwar society. The contributors provide a thorough review of the social demographic literature to advance a variety of hypotheses about the relationships between changing women's education and family formation outcomes, which are empirically examined and compared across countries.

The relationship between rational choice theory and large-scale data analysis has become an important issue for sociologists. Though rational choice theory is well established in both sociology and economics, its influence on quantitative empirical sociology has been surprisingly limited. This book examines why there is hardly a link between the t

Examining how youths in fourteen industrialized societies make the transition to adulthood in an era of globalization and rising uncertainty, this collection of essays investigates the impact that institutions working with social groups of youths have upon those youths' abilities to make adult decisions determining their life courses.

Covering both Europe and North America, the book includes case studies, and contains country-specific contributions on conservative, social-democratic, post-socialist, liberal and familistic welfare regimes, as well as data from the GLOBALIFE project.

Filling the gap in the market on the micro effects of globalization on individuals, and taking an empirical approach to the topic, this impressive volume brings the individual and nation-specific institutions back into the discussion on globalization.

Serving as both a student textbook and a professional reference/handbook, this volume explores the statistical methods of examining time intervals between successive state transitions or events. Examples include: survival rates of patients in medical studies, unemployment periods in economic studies, or the period of time it takes a criminal to break the law after his release in a criminological study. The authors illustrate the entire research path required in the application of event-history analysis, from the initial problems of recording event-oriented data to the specific questions of data organization, to the concrete application of available program packages and the interpretation of the obtained results. Event History Analysis: * makes didactically accessible the inclusion of covariates in semi-parametric and parametric regression models based upon concrete examples * presents the unabbreviated close relationship underlying statistical theory * details parameter-free methods of analysis of event-history data and the possibilities of their graphical presentation * discusses specific problems of multi-state and multi-episode models * introduces time-varying covariates and the question of unobserved population heterogeneity * demonstrates, through examples, how to implement hypotheses tests and how to choose the right model.

Globalization, Uncertainty and Women's Careers assesses the effects of globalization on the life courses of women in thirteen countries across Europe and America in the second half of the 20th century.The book represents the first-ever longitudinal analysis of micro-level data from these OECD countries focusing exclusively on women's relationship to the labor market in a globalizing world. The contributors thoroughly examine women's employment entries, exits and job mobility and present evidence of women's increased labor market attachment and reduced employment quality in most of the countries studied. They also systematically consider the life course changes influenced by larger transformations in society and, in doing so, explicitly link the phenomena of globalization to individual women's lives in Europe and North America. Highlighting the consequences of specific national policies on women's lives, women's labor market participation, and demographic phenomena such as low fertility, this book will prove invaluable to academics, students, researchers, practitioners and policymakers seeking to understand the effects of international social change on national contexts and individual lives.

This book addresses a broad array of pressing challenges of longitudinal surveys and provides innovative solutions to methodological problems based on the example of the NEPS. It covers longitudinal issues such as sampling, weighting, recruiting and fieldwork management, the design of longitudinal surveys and the implementation of constructs, conducting competence tests over the life course, effective methods to improve and to maintain the highest level of data quality, data management tools for large-scale longitudinal surveys, the dissemination of research data to heterogeneous scientific communities, as well as establishing a long-term public relations and communications unit integrating a study's stakeholder community over time.

Globalization, argue the contributors to this book, has remarkably accelerated social and economic change in modern societies. One such change is manifested in the world of work and careers. This book explores whether the forces of globalization affect the erosion of standard career patterns of mid-career men in twelve OECD countries. Overwhelming evidence against the 'individualization of inequality' thesis is provided - it is argued that equality remains largely stratified by factors such as occupational class and educational level, and in some countries has even grown over time.The contributors illustrate that globalization appears to have influenced the rise of 'patchwork' careers in countries where workers have been increasingly less protected by institutional configurations. These countries include Denmark, Mexico, The Netherlands, the UK and the US, as well as post-socialistic countries such as Hungary, Estonia and the Czech Republic. Interestingly, there is no evidence that men's careers have become more erratic in Italy, Spain, Sweden or Germany. Nation-specific institutions, such as welfare regimes, education and training systems and employment relations remain key factors impacting on job mobility patterns. Using empirical evidence to demonstrate how different policy approaches impact on the employment careers of individuals, this book will be invaluable to academics, students, researchers, practitioners and policymakers seeking to understand the effects of international social change on national contexts.

Nowadays, event history analysis can draw on a well-established set of statistical tools for the description and causal analysis of event history data. The second edition of Event History Analysis with Stata provides an updated introduction to event history modeling, along with many instructive Stata examples. Using the latest Stata software, each of these practical examples develops a research question, refers to useful substantive background information, gives a short exposition of the underlying statistical concepts, describes the organization of the input data and the application of the statistical Stata procedures, and assists the reader in performing a substantive interpretation of the obtained results. Emphasising the strengths and limitations of event history model techniques in each field of application, this book demonstrates that event history models provide a useful approach with which to uncover causal relationships or to map out a system of causal relations. It demonstrates how long-term processes can be studied and how changing context information on the micro, meso, and macro levels can be integrated easily into a dynamic analysis of longitudinal data. Event History Analysis with Stata is an invaluable resource for both novice students and researchers who need an introductory textbook and experienced researchers (from sociology, economics, political science, pedagogy, psychology, or demography) who are looking for a practical handbook for their research.

Seit einiger Zeit werden Bedeutung und Aufgaben fruhpadagogischer Institutionen (wieder) vermehrt offentlich diskutiert. Gleichwohl muss in Deutschland ein erhebliches Forschungsdefizit in diesem Bereich konstatiert werden. Die Beitrage des Bandes nahern sich dem Thema aus verschiedenen Perspektiven an und spiegeln ein breites Spektrum fruhpadagogischer Forderung in Institutionen wieder. Neben Fragen der Nutzung und damit einhergehender Disparitaten geht es um konzeptuelle Verankerungen und die Ausgestaltung der padagogischen Praxis. Daruber hinaus findet eine Auseinandersetzung sowohl mit speziellen Forderprogrammen als auch mit den Auswirkungen fruhpadagogischer Forderung auf die Entwicklung der Kinder statt.