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Heavy metal contamination has posed a great threat to aquatic
systems all over the world. Fishes are commonly selected to test
aquatic pollution because they are most susceptible organisms in
the aquatic ecosystem. Nickel is an important heavy metal but it
causes Liver damage on accumulation. Nickel is discharged into
freshwater habitats through atmospheric deposition by nickel
mining, smelting, industries, oil and coal burning power plants and
trash incinerators. Liver is the chief organ that contains large
amount of enzymes and plays an important role in metabolism,
excretion, secretion, detoxification and storage. Alteration in
liver enzymes concentration helps in diagnosis of disorders in
certain tissues by toxins. This Book describes how the high nickel
metal concentration damages the liver of fish Labeo rohita which is
used as major sea food throughout the world, metal toxicity can be
ultimately transferred to human beings, Thus this research also
evaluates nutritional value of the fish.
Present study aimed at the detection of microbial contamination
present in commercially available and freshly prepared orange juice
samples collected from different localities of Lahore, Pakistan.
Results showed the presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus
spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. in
commercially available orange juices which clearly demonstrates the
unhygienic conditions of processing plants. In most localities, the
freshly squeezed orange juices were hygienically very poor as
bacterial loads on the whole were abnormally high. Based on the
presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus
spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Erwinia spp., Salmonella
spp., Klebsiella spp., Coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp. and
Leuconostoc spp. in fresh orange juices, it is concluded that
juices in certain areas inside the city are highly impacted and
unfit for human consumption. It is agreed that such type of
contamination is the result of bad quality water used for dilution
of juices, unhygienic surroundings and location of stalls by the
side of a busy road with vehicular traffic or by the side of waste
disposal and overcrowding.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) develops frequently in
patients with "End Stage Renal Disease" because the production of
1, 25 (OH) 2- vitamin D (calcitriol) decreases in the kidneys.
That's why patients may develop osteodystrophy or osteomalacia. The
functional role of vitamin D3 under normal body condition is to
regulate secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and
release. Parameters such as calcium, phosphate and vitamin D3 act
upon PTH. In normal subjects, the homeostasis of these parameters
is strongly interconnected but in renal failure, the metabolism of
each of these parameters may be deregulated. The diseased kidney is
unable to produce vital hormone that is called erythropoietin which
increases synthesis of red blood cells. The anemic condition is
seen in CKD (chronic kidney disease) because erythropoietin
production become reduced. In Pakistan, CKD patients are
continuously increasing annually. We conducted a blood and
serosurvey study in Lahore metropolitan city of Punjab, Pakistan to
see the co-relation between SHPT and CKD. This epidemiological
research of public health will be beneficial for onward broad
demographic surveillance programs.
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