Heavy metal contamination has posed a great threat to aquatic systems all over the world. Fishes are commonly selected to test aquatic pollution because they are most susceptible organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. Nickel is an important heavy metal but it causes Liver damage on accumulation. Nickel is discharged into freshwater habitats through atmospheric deposition by nickel mining, smelting, industries, oil and coal burning power plants and trash incinerators. Liver is the chief organ that contains large amount of enzymes and plays an important role in metabolism, excretion, secretion, detoxification and storage. Alteration in liver enzymes concentration helps in diagnosis of disorders in certain tissues by toxins. This Book describes how the high nickel metal concentration damages the liver of fish Labeo rohita which is used as major sea food throughout the world, metal toxicity can be ultimately transferred to human beings, Thus this research also evaluates nutritional value of the fish.

Present study aimed at the detection of microbial contamination present in commercially available and freshly prepared orange juice samples collected from different localities of Lahore, Pakistan. Results showed the presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. in commercially available orange juices which clearly demonstrates the unhygienic conditions of processing plants. In most localities, the freshly squeezed orange juices were hygienically very poor as bacterial loads on the whole were abnormally high. Based on the presence of Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Erwinia spp., Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Leuconostoc spp. in fresh orange juices, it is concluded that juices in certain areas inside the city are highly impacted and unfit for human consumption. It is agreed that such type of contamination is the result of bad quality water used for dilution of juices, unhygienic surroundings and location of stalls by the side of a busy road with vehicular traffic or by the side of waste disposal and overcrowding.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) develops frequently in patients with "End Stage Renal Disease" because the production of 1, 25 (OH) 2- vitamin D (calcitriol) decreases in the kidneys. That's why patients may develop osteodystrophy or osteomalacia. The functional role of vitamin D3 under normal body condition is to regulate secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and release. Parameters such as calcium, phosphate and vitamin D3 act upon PTH. In normal subjects, the homeostasis of these parameters is strongly interconnected but in renal failure, the metabolism of each of these parameters may be deregulated. The diseased kidney is unable to produce vital hormone that is called erythropoietin which increases synthesis of red blood cells. The anemic condition is seen in CKD (chronic kidney disease) because erythropoietin production become reduced. In Pakistan, CKD patients are continuously increasing annually. We conducted a blood and serosurvey study in Lahore metropolitan city of Punjab, Pakistan to see the co-relation between SHPT and CKD. This epidemiological research of public health will be beneficial for onward broad demographic surveillance programs.