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This book provides a selection of recently developed methods and
protocols in bacterial glycomics to aid in bettering our
understanding of the structures and functions of bacterial
polysaccharides, their attachments to proteins and lipids, their
role in biofilm formation, as well as their biosynthesis. With the
emerging bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics
world-wide, these techniques to study the outer polysaccharides of
bacteria, with their functions in bacterial adhesion, colonization,
growth, establishment of biofilms, and control virulence and
pathogenicity, are increasingly important. Written for the highly
successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include
introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary
materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible
laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding
known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Bacterial
Polysaccharides: Methods and Protocols aims to support researchers
contributing to future approaches that will fill our knowledge gaps
and define anti-bacterial targets.
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are essential for the biosynthesis of
complex glycoconjugates and are powerful tools to study the
functions of complex glycans in health, development and disease.
Complex glycoconjugates, such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans and
glycolipids, are assembled by GTs which synthesize specific
linkages between sugars or sugars and protein. This is in contrast
to the non-specific or less specific chemical glycation reactions,
transglycosylation and reverse glycosylation reactions.
Glycosyltransferases: Methods and Protocols contains a wide range
of studies, methods and protocols which form a solid basis for
investigations of the role and mechanisms, biology and pathology
involving GTs. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular
Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their
respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents,
step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on
troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and
easily accessible, Glycosyltransferases: Methods and Protocols is a
vital contribution to glycobiology and glycopathology, and to
applications of these enzymes in biotechnology and drug
development. It will prove invaluable to students, postdoctoral
fellows, and senior scientists carrying on research of GTs that has
been intensified over the last years.
Diverse alterations of glycosylation occur in diseases such as
cancer, metastasis, leukemia, inflammatory and other diseases. The
glycosylation abnormalities found in disease are the result of
complex rearrangements of the oligosaccharide assembly by
glycosyltransferases. This volume reviews several mechanisms that
may underly the extremely complex alterations in disease. Disease
specific glycosylation may contribute to the disease process by
altering cellular functions, or may be exploited therapeutically.
Specific therapy may be aimed at correcting glycosylation
abnormalities based on knowledge of the mechanisms leading to the
disease phenotype and the three-dimensional interactions between
carbohydrates and carbohydrate-binding molecules.
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are essential for the biosynthesis of
complex glycoconjugates and are powerful tools to study the
functions of complex glycans in health, development and disease.
Complex glycoconjugates, such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans and
glycolipids, are assembled by GTs which synthesize specific
linkages between sugars or sugars and protein. This is in contrast
to the non-specific or less specific chemical glycation reactions,
transglycosylation and reverse glycosylation reactions.
Glycosyltransferases: Methods and Protocols contains a wide range
of studies, methods and protocols which form a solid basis for
investigations of the role and mechanisms, biology and pathology
involving GTs. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular
Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their
respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents,
step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on
troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and
easily accessible, Glycosyltransferases: Methods and Protocols is a
vital contribution to glycobiology and glycopathology, and to
applications of these enzymes in biotechnology and drug
development. It will prove invaluable to students, postdoctoral
fellows, and senior scientists carrying on research of GTs that has
been intensified over the last years.
Glycobiology involves studies of complex carbohydrates and
posttrans- tional modifications of proteins, and has become an
important interdiscip- nary field encompassing chemistry,
biochemistry, biology, physiology, and pathology. Although initial
research was directed toward elucidation of the different
carbohydrate structures and the enzymes synthesizing them, the
field has now moved toward identifying the functions of
carbohydrates. The pro- cols described in Glycobiology Protocols
form a solid basis for investigations of glycan functions in health
and disease. The cloning of many of the genes participating in
glycosylation processes has helped to enhance our knowledge of how
glycosylation is controlled, but has also added another dimension
of complexity to the great heterogeneous variety of the structures
of the oligos- charides of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and
glycolipids. A family of similar enzyme proteins exists for each
glycosylation step. Glycosyltransferases are extremely specific for
both the nucleotide sugar donor and the acceptor s- strate, but
many other factors control sugar transfer, including the locali-
tion and topology of enzymes, cofactors, possible chaperone
proteins, and the availability of sugar acceptor substrates. The
analysis of the intracellular organization of glycosylation and of
the factors controlling the activities of the participating enzymes
in the cell are important areas that need more research efforts.
Another challenge for future research is to understand the
glycodynamics of a cell, that is, how the cell responds to stimuli
leading to biological and pathological changes in terms of
alterations in glycosylation, and how this affects the biology of
the cell.
Glycobiology involves studies of complex carbohydrates and
posttrans- tional modifications of proteins, and has become an
important interdiscip- nary field encompassing chemistry,
biochemistry, biology, physiology, and pathology. Although initial
research was directed toward elucidation of the different
carbohydrate structures and the enzymes synthesizing them, the
field has now moved toward identifying the functions of
carbohydrates. The pro- cols described in Glycobiology Protocols
form a solid basis for investigations of glycan functions in health
and disease. The cloning of many of the genes participating in
glycosylation processes has helped to enhance our knowledge of how
glycosylation is controlled, but has also added another dimension
of complexity to the great heterogeneous variety of the structures
of the oligos- charides of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and
glycolipids. A family of similar enzyme proteins exists for each
glycosylation step. Glycosyltransferases are extremely specific for
both the nucleotide sugar donor and the acceptor s- strate, but
many other factors control sugar transfer, including the locali-
tion and topology of enzymes, cofactors, possible chaperone
proteins, and the availability of sugar acceptor substrates. The
analysis of the intracellular organization of glycosylation and of
the factors controlling the activities of the participating enzymes
in the cell are important areas that need more research efforts.
Another challenge for future research is to understand the
glycodynamics of a cell, that is, how the cell responds to stimuli
leading to biological and pathological changes in terms of
alterations in glycosylation, and how this affects the biology of
the cell.
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