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Dermal (percutaneous skin) absorption is a global term that
describes the transport of chemicals from the outer surface of the
skin both into the skin and into the systemic circulation. Dermal
absorption can occur from occupational environmental or consumer
skin exposure to chemicals cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
This new volume in the Environmental Health Criteria Series
presents an overview of dermal absorption and its consideration in
the risk assessment of chemicals. It describes the methods
available to assess dermal absorption the significance of skin as a
route of exposure and the interpretation of results of dermal
absorption studies for risk assessment. In addition it presents and
discusses current topics of interest in the field of dermal
absorption. This book will be useful to biology and toxicology
scientists and researchers as well as to regulatory authorities and
the chemical industry.
This new volume in the Environmental Health Criteria series
provides a framework for the evaluation of the role of chemical
risk factors in the development of autoimmune diseases. In addition
to a general introduction to autoimmune mechanisms and clinical
expression of autoimmune diseases, a discussion of mechanisms of
chemical-associated autoimmune responses precedes information on a
range of chemical and other agents. Animal models and human testing
for autoimmune disease and the application of information in risk
assessment are presented. This book will be useful to biology and
toxicology scientists and researchers, as well as to regulatory
authorities, industry, and the general risk assessment community.
The purpose of this book is to assess, evaluate, and give guidance
on the role of elemental speciation and speciation analysis in
human health hazard and risk assessment. The book is directed at
risk assessors and regulators, to emphasize the importance of
consideration of speciation in their deliberations. To date, this
issue has not been a part of most hazard and risk assessments.
Further aims of the publication are to encourage the analysis of
speciation of elements to increase knowledge on the effect of
speciation on mode of action and to increase understanding of
health effects.
This book examines the health effects of exposure to static
electric and magnetic fields found in selected industries, such as
medical facilities with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
high-energy physics research facilities and some transportation
systems. To date, research on their health effects lags far behind
the rapid advances in technology. Electric and magnetic fields are
generated by natural phenomena such as the Earth s magnetic field,
thunderstorms, and by man-made sources that use electricity. When
such fields do not vary with time they are referred to as static.
For static electric fields, studies carried out to date suggest
that the main effect is discomfort from electric discharges to the
body. For static magnetic fields, acute effects are only likely to
occur when there is movement of a person in the field. For example,
a person moving within a relatively high field can experience
sensations of vertigo and nausea, and sometimes a metallic taste in
the mouth and perceptions of light flashes. Although only
temporary, such effects may have a safety impact for workers
executing delicate procedures, e.g. surgeons performing operations
within MRI units. Even when at rest, a person will experience
internal body movement, such as blood flow or heart beat. When
placed within a high magnetic field, electrical fields and currents
are generated around the heart and major blood vessels that can
impede the flow of blood. Possible effects range from minor changes
in heartbeat to an increase in the risk of abnormal heart rhythms
that might be life threatening."
Scientific knowledge in recent years has demonstrated that children
are a vulnerable population subgroup with special susceptibilities
and unique exposures to environmental factors that have important
implications for public health practices and risk assessment
approaches. The heightened susceptibility of children derives
primarily from the unique biological and physiological features
that characterize the various stages of development from conception
through adolescence as well as from certain behavioral
characteristics and external factors that may result in increased
exposure levels. This new volume in the Environmental Health
Criteria (EHC) Series provides a systematic analysis of the
scientific principles to be considered in assessing health risks in
children; taking into account their unique susceptibilities. The
terms children and child as used in this report include the stages
of development from conception through adolescence. This new EHC
builds on previous volumes addressing methodologies for assessing
risks in children: EHC 30 Principles for Evaluating Health Risks to
Progeny Associated with Exposure to Chemicals During Pregnancy (WHO
1984) and EHC 59 Principles for Evaluating Health Risks from
Chemicals During Infancy and Early Childhood: The Need for a
Special Approach (WHO 1986). The central focus of this volume is on
the child (developing embryo fetus infant etc.) rather than on a
specific environmental agent target organ or disease. Thus it
addresses the difficult task of integrating all what is known about
both exposure information toxicity data and health outcome at
different life stages, which is especially challenging when data
are limited for particular life stages (e.g. during pregnancy). The
book will be useful to public health officials research and
regulatory scientists and risk assessors."
The aim of this publication is to introduce newcomers in this field
to transgenic mutagenicity assays and to assess the possible role
of these assays in toxicology testing and mechanistic research.
Part I gives a short overview of in vivo genotoxicity testing. Part
II gives an overview of the data produced by various assays. Part
III discusses the use of the assays in research. Part IV evaluates
the role and potential added value of transgenic mutation assays in
toxicology and risk assessment. The book is directed at
toxicologists, research scientists, and risk assessors.
This book examines the health effects of exposure to bentonite,
kaolin, and selected clay minerals. Despite the ubiquitous exposure
of the general population to low concentrations of montmorillonite
and kaolinite, the main components of bentonite and kaolin,
respectively, and other clay minerals, no data are available on its
effects. Long-term occupational exposure to bentonite dust may
cause structural and functional damage to the lungs, but currently
available data do not conclusively establish a dose-response or
even a cause-and-effect relationship..Long-term exposure to kaolin
causes radiologically diagnosed pneumoconiosis but clear-cut
deterioration of respiratory function and related symptoms occur
only in cases with prominent radiological findings. In this
respect, the composition of the non-kaolinite constituents of the
clay is important. Bentonite, kaolin, and other clays often contain
quartz, exposure to which is causally related to silicosis and lung
cancer as well as to statistically significant increases in the
incidence of or mortality from chronic bronchitis and pulmonary
emphysema. The extensive use of bentonite or kaolin in cosmetics
has not been found to produce local or systemic adverse effects.
Tests have also revealed that bentonite and kaolin have low
toxicity to a wide variety of aquatic species. The biological
effects of clay minerals result not only from their composition but
also their particle size. In this respect, the decreasing rank
order of quartz, kaolinite, and montmorillonite to damage lung
tissue is consistent with their known relative active surface areas
and surface chemistries.
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Zinc (Paperback)
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
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R1,186
Discovery Miles 11 860
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Ships in 10 - 15 working days
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Zinc is a common element in the natural environment. Apart from
artificially reduced zinc metal, it exists in the divalent state Zn
(II) in the environment and it is an essential element for most
organisms. It is well known that zinc deficiency causes numerous
effects in humans, including neurosensory changes, growth
retardation and delayed wound healing, but most people obtain
sufficient amounts of zinc from their diet to avoid these effects.
On the other hand, it is reported that high doses of zinc cause
gastrointestinal distress, nausea and diarrhoea.This book evaluates
the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposures to
zinc. Overall evaluation suggests that normal healthy individuals
not exposed to zinc in the workplace are at potentially greater
risk from the adverse effects associated with zinc deficiency than
from those associated with normal environmental exposure to zinc
because of its relatively low toxicity in humans and the limited
sources of human exposure.
This publication summarizes the scientific knowledge base on which
principles and methods involved in neurotoxicity risk assessment
are based. It is aimed at providing a framework for public health
officials, research and regulatory scientists and risk managers on
the use and interpretation of neurotoxicity data from human and
animal studies and it discusses emerging methodological approaches
to studying neurotoxicity. The introductory chapter examines
definitions and critical concepts in neurotoxicity and looks at the
criteria for quality of data used in risk assessment. This is
followed by a detailed discussion of the structure and function of
the nervous system, of the special susceptibilities of the human
fetus, children and the elderly and of the types of effects on the
nervous system. Recent progress in developing validated methods for
detecting neurotoxicity in humans is investigated, as is our
understanding of the factors that affect the validity and
reliability of human neurotoxicological studies. Sources of human
data include accidental and occupational exposures, case-studies,
clinical evaluations, epidemiological studies, and field and
laboratory studies. Standardized neuropsychological tests,
validated computer-assisted test batteries, neurophysiological and
biochemical tests, and refined imaging techniques have been
improved and become well established. The most extensive section
reviews data derived from experimental animal models. Batteries of
functional tests have been developed, validated and used
extensively in neurotoxicological studies. Many different types of
behavioural tests have been used to assess chemical-induced changes
in sensory, motor and cognitive function, whereas
neurophysiological measures have been standardized to assess
chemical-induced sensory and motor function. The final chapter
examines the steps involved in neurotoxicity risk assessment:
hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure
assessment and risk characterization. The application of risk
assessment principles for neurotoxicants is similar to that of
other non-cancer end-points, except that issues of reversibility,
compensation and recovery of function in the nervous system require
special consideration. This document provides guidance on
neurotoxicity risk assessment at a broad international level.
Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by
exposure to dinitro-"ortho"-cresol, a chemical used for over a
century as an acaricide, larvicide, and ovicide to control the
dormant forms of many insects in orchards. The chemical is also
sprayed on potatoes to prevent virus and disease contamination of
the tubers. Although the chemical's use as a pesticide has been
banned in many countries, significant volumes of obsolete stocks
are still found in several parts of the world, especially in
developing countries. Dinitro-"ortho"-cresol continues to be used
in the plastics industry as an inhibitor of polymerization in
styrene and vinyl aromatic compounds. Concerning environmental
behavior studies indicate that the chemical is rapidly biodegraded
in soil and has no potential to volatilize when released to water.
Evidence further suggests that uptake by treated fruit trees or
potatoes leaving residues at harvest time does not occur. Food is
therefore not considered an important source of exposure for the
general population. Occupational exposures during agricultural
spraying and during manufacturing and formulation are regarded as
the principal sources of human exposure. The most extensive part
evaluates the results of toxicity studies in laboratory mammals and
"in vitro "test systems. Short-term dietary administration
decreased body-weight gain in some species, usually without
significant alteration in food consumption. At high doses, adverse
effects on the liver have been observed. Data on embryotoxicity,
teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity were judged
inadequate for evaluation. The evaluation of effects on human
health draws on data obtained during the limited use of
dinitro-"ortho"-cresol in the 1930s as a therapeutic agent for the
treatment of obesity and on cases of acute poisoning. Symptoms
associated with toxicity include restlessness, flushed skin,
sweating, thirst, deep and rapid respiration, severe increase of
body temperature, and cyanosis leading to collapse, coma, and
death. Concerning adverse effects on occupationally exposed
workers, the report cites a dramatic decline over the last 25 years
in reported cases of occupational intoxication. The decline is
attributed to better education of users, the use of adequate
protective equipment, and improvements in application techniques,
equipment, and formulations. The report concludes that when used
according to registered recommendations, and when measures for
personal protection are followed, exposure to
dinitro-"ortho"-cresol is reduced to levels that do not cause
systemic toxicity.
This book evaluates the risks to human health and the environment
posed by arsenic and arsenic compounds. Arsenic is widely
distributed in the earth's crust and is emitted into the atmosphere
by coal-fired power generation plants and volcanic activity.
Inorganic arsenic of geological origin is found in groundwater,
which is used as drinking-water in several parts of the world, e.g.
Bangladesh. In these areas, drinking-water is the main source of
arsenic intake, but elsewhere food is the principal source.
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Bethlehem Steel
Tracy L. Berger-Carmen
Hardcover
R696
Discovery Miles 6 960
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