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Dinitro-Ortho-Cresol (Paperback)
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Dinitro-Ortho-Cresol (Paperback)
Series: Environmental Health Criteria, No. 220
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by
exposure to dinitro-"ortho"-cresol, a chemical used for over a
century as an acaricide, larvicide, and ovicide to control the
dormant forms of many insects in orchards. The chemical is also
sprayed on potatoes to prevent virus and disease contamination of
the tubers. Although the chemical's use as a pesticide has been
banned in many countries, significant volumes of obsolete stocks
are still found in several parts of the world, especially in
developing countries. Dinitro-"ortho"-cresol continues to be used
in the plastics industry as an inhibitor of polymerization in
styrene and vinyl aromatic compounds. Concerning environmental
behavior studies indicate that the chemical is rapidly biodegraded
in soil and has no potential to volatilize when released to water.
Evidence further suggests that uptake by treated fruit trees or
potatoes leaving residues at harvest time does not occur. Food is
therefore not considered an important source of exposure for the
general population. Occupational exposures during agricultural
spraying and during manufacturing and formulation are regarded as
the principal sources of human exposure. The most extensive part
evaluates the results of toxicity studies in laboratory mammals and
"in vitro "test systems. Short-term dietary administration
decreased body-weight gain in some species, usually without
significant alteration in food consumption. At high doses, adverse
effects on the liver have been observed. Data on embryotoxicity,
teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity were judged
inadequate for evaluation. The evaluation of effects on human
health draws on data obtained during the limited use of
dinitro-"ortho"-cresol in the 1930s as a therapeutic agent for the
treatment of obesity and on cases of acute poisoning. Symptoms
associated with toxicity include restlessness, flushed skin,
sweating, thirst, deep and rapid respiration, severe increase of
body temperature, and cyanosis leading to collapse, coma, and
death. Concerning adverse effects on occupationally exposed
workers, the report cites a dramatic decline over the last 25 years
in reported cases of occupational intoxication. The decline is
attributed to better education of users, the use of adequate
protective equipment, and improvements in application techniques,
equipment, and formulations. The report concludes that when used
according to registered recommendations, and when measures for
personal protection are followed, exposure to
dinitro-"ortho"-cresol is reduced to levels that do not cause
systemic toxicity.
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