edited by c. H. Lineweaver, J. G. Bartlett, A. Blanchard Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France M. Signore Ecole normale superieure, Paris, France and J. Silk Departments of Astronomy and Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, U. S. A. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division ISBN-13:978-94-010-6512-2 e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-0051-6 DOI:10. 107/ 978-94-009-0051-6 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997 Dedication We dedicate these proceedings to the people who paid for it: taxpayers of the NATO alliance. Table of Contents PREFACE IX LIST OF PARTICIPANTS XI LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS Xlll I. Introduction, Mathematical Tools and Background An Introduction to CBR Studies: Spectrum, Degree-Scale Fluctuations, Foregrounds and Interferometry R. B. Partridge ElementsofGeneral Relativity, Cosmology and the Cosmic Microwave Background Jose L. Sanz 33 Statisticsand Random Functions in Astrophysics BernhardIT. Jones 67 Structure Formation Joseph Silk III II. eMB Anistropies CalculationofCosmic Background Radiation Anisotropies and Implications Emory F. Bunn 135 The CMB Anistropy Experiments: Cosmic Microwave Background George F. Smoot 185 viii III. CMB Spectrum The CMBR-Spectrum: ATheoretical Introduction Albert Stebbins 241 The CMB Spectrum George F. Smoot 271 IV. Astroparticle Physics Inflation and the Cosmic Background Radiation: What Every Cosmologist Needs to Know Michael S. Turner 309 Primordial Chemistry and Cosmic Background Radiation M. Signori, P. Encrenaz, R. MaoJi, B. Melchiorri, F. Melchiorri and D. Puy 345 The Cosmic Background Radiation and Elementary Particles Pierre Salati 365 V.

This book reviews the interconnection of cosmology and particle physics over the last decade. It provides introductory courses in supersymmetry, superstring and M-theory, responding to an increasing interest to evaluate the cosmological consequences of these theories. Based on a series of extended courses providing an introduction to the physics of the very early universe, in the light of the most recent advances in our understanding of the fundamental interactions, it reviews all the classical issues (inflation, primordial fluctuations, dark matter, baryogenesis), but also introduces the most recent ideas about what happened at the Big Bang, and before.

This book reviews the interconnection of cosmology and particle physics over the last decade. It provides introductory courses in supersymmetry, superstring and M-theory, responding to an increasing interest to evaluate the cosmological consequences of these theories. Based on a series of extended courses providing an introduction to the physics of the very early universe, in the light of the most recent advances in our understanding of the fundamental interactions, it reviews all the classical issues (inflation, primordial fluctuations, dark matter, baryogenesis), but also introduces the most recent ideas about what happened at the Big Bang, and before.

Sometimes you need more then a one-sentence answer. While the term marketing generally refers to what a company does to create value for customers, practicing marketers know they have a major role in setting their company’s strategic direction. Successful marketing requires a deep knowledge of customers, competitors, and collaborators—and great skill in serving customers profitably. The book provides the foundation for developing those skills and insights. It’s organized according to the design of the first-year marketing course in Harvard Business School’s MBA program. Each chapter was written by HBS faculty and used by MBA students to analyze marketing opportunities and develop and execute successful marketing strategies. Areas covered include: Consumer behaviorBusiness-to-business marketsThe four P’s-product, placement, promotion and priceMarket segmentation, target market selection, and positioningUnique value propositionsThe design of new products and servicesProduct line extensions and repositioning of exciting businessesBrand valuation and brand equityFulfillment and after-sale serviceDirect, retail, and wholesale distribution channels and networksMarketing communications and promotionsAdvertising, public relations, and choice of mediaPricing for profitabilityPersonal selling and sales managementCustomer relationship management and customer privacyCustomer acquisition, retention, and dismissalBasic math for making marketing decisions Timeless yet timely, this book provides valuable background information for understanding and interpreting business and competition from a marketing point of view. That makes it useful in both formal and informal educational settings, including on-the-job training. Simply put, it’s required reading for marketing students and a must-have recourse for marketing professionals.

Aggregate Advertising Expenditure in the U.S. Economy provides evidence that over the period 2000 through 2018 nominal aggregate advertising spending in the U.S. as a share of nominal GDP has been falling. The elasticity of advertising with respect to nominal GDP appears to have increased substantially since the late 1990s. The authors further show that nominal aggregate advertising spending has become more responsive to changes in real GDP and GDP price inflation. Finally, the monograph considers the implications of ongoing developments in the management of advertising campaigns and pending public policy issues surrounding controversial digital advertising practices for how advertising's macroeconomic role may evolve in the future. The authors stress the development of media-specific and aggregate media mix prices indices as being the critical next step in advancing understanding of the sensitivity of aggregate spending on advertising to cyclical and secular shifts in total economic activity and the components thereof. Following a short introduction, section II provides some historical background on the twin problems of defining advertising in the face of its ever-changing boundaries and measuring its output as a service industry. Section III sketches the vertical structure of the U.S. advertising industry and describes the set of four time series assembled that measure nominal aggregate advertising spending by advertisers and the related revenues of two sectors who function as service providers to advertisers -- advertising agencies and media firms. Section IV reviews the media price indices available from private sector sources and the BLS. Section V presents the double log constant elasticity model that serves as the conceptual framework underlying the analysis of the relationship of nominal aggregate adverting spending to GDP. Section VI reports extensive analyses of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation coefficients calculated in order to assess whether the measures of nominal advertising spending exhibit stationarity and guide our choice of the order of moving average autoregressive function specifications. Section VII presents the results indicating that a structural shift in the sensitivity of nominal aggregate advertising to GDP occurred around the turn of the century when, in nominal terms, aggregate ad spending became more responsive to not only changes in nominal GDP but also to changes in real GDP and to changes in GDP inflation. Section VIII discusses implications of changes in the management of advertising campaigns accompanying the ascendancy of digital media and the resolution of public policy issues surrounding digital advertising practices. Section IX summarizes the main conclusions.