Male sterility is the failure of the male gametes to be produced viable i.e there is no formation of the viable pollen grains which carry the male gametes in plants. The pollen grain is non-functional but the female gametes function normally. It occurs in nature sporadically, perhaps due to mutation. Male sterility is also due to environmental factors. Male sterility in crop plants is classified in the following types (1) Genetic Male Sterility (GMS) (2) Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CGMS). (3) Temperature-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility (TGMS). (4) Chemically-Induced Male Sterility (CIMS). (5) Photoperiod-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility (PGMS). (6) Transgenic Genetic Male Seterility (Tr.GMS). Wheat improvement by genetic engineering requires the delivery, integration and expression of defined foreign genes into suitable regenerable explants. Initial attempts at introducing transgenes into wheat employed protoplasts as explants due to the absence of cell walls. Initial steps for genetic transformation involves delivery of a gene cassette into recipient cells followed by analysis of the expression of delivered gene.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major food crop in the world and a staple food of Pakistan which plays a remarkable role in meeting the food requirements of the country.Worldwide wheat provides nearly 55% of the carbohydrates and 20 % of the food calories consumed globally. Most of the wheat is growing for human consumption and about 10 % is retained for seed and industry. On the world basis it ranks after rice providing chief protein and caloric requirements for one third of the world population and is consumed in a variety of ways.At present though the production of wheat is increasing gradually but yield is still trailing the average obtained in similar ecologies elsewhere. A significant yield improvement is still possible through the development of high yielding varieties that are adaptable to various agro-climatic conditions. Manipulation of accessions for exploring genotypes with best combining ability and identification of transgrassive segregates by using modern genetic tools is prerequisite for high yielding varieties. Current studies on combining ability and authentication of F1 hybrids provided excellent results in this regard.

Chickpea is the principal rabi pulse crop and important source of calories which is predominantly grown in the vast rainfed areas of Pakistan. Pakistan ranks second to India in terms of acreage Pulses, dry edible seeds of leguminous plants, constitute an important source of balanced human diet throughout the world. Among the pulses, chickpea is the third leading grain legume in the world and first in the South Asia. Ninety two percent of the area and eighty nine percent of the production of grain are concentrated in semi-arid tropical countries of the world The present study pertaining to the estimation of genetic parameters and trait association in eighty chickpea genotypes was conducted in the glasshouse of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Correlation studies for different seedling parameters were found to be associated with each other positively and significantly. On the basis of these results, it may be concluded that seedling length, root length, seedling biomass, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area significantly related with the seedling health. We can select genotypes at seedling level for improvement.

A limiting factor in wheat production in many countries is the occurrence of temperature stress at grain filling stage especially in West Asia and North Africa. In about 40% temperate environments constituting 36 million hectares, terminal heat stress is a major threat. Keeping in view this threat present investigations were made to explore sources of heat tolerance and its genetics.100 genotypes of wheat were screened in a plastic tunnel for heat tolerance by providing them heat stress at the time of anthesis. Selection of the genotypes was based on grain weight, number of grains per spike and grain yield per 25 spikes after computation of their relative ratios. The selected genotypes were also tested by measuring their electrolyte leakage to confirm the tolerance and susceptibility by calculating relative injuries. Seven genotypes including 3 heat tolerant, 1 moderately tolerant and 3 susceptible were crossed in a 7 x 7 diallel fashion.The information obtained from these results during the current studies may be used to evolve high yielding varieties which can produce higher yield and help maintain yield sustainability in those areas where terminal heat stress is a major threat.