This book offers readers fresh insights on applying Extended Reality to Digital Anatomy, a novel emerging discipline. Indeed, the way professors teach anatomy in classrooms is changing rapidly as novel technology-based approaches become ever more accessible. Recent studies show that Virtual (VR), Augmented (AR), and Mixed-Reality (MR) can improve both retention and learning outcomes. Readers will find relevant tutorials about three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to perform virtual dissections. Several chapters serve as practical manuals for students and trainers in anatomy to refresh or develop their Digital Anatomy skills. We developed this book as a support tool for collaborative efforts around Digital Anatomy, especially in distance learning, international and interdisciplinary contexts. We aim to leverage source material in this book to support new Digital Anatomy courses and syllabi in interdepartmental, interdisciplinary collaborations. Digital Anatomy - Applications of Virtual, Mixed and Augmented Reality provides a valuable tool to foster cross-disciplinary dialogues between anatomists, surgeons, radiologists, clinicians, computer scientists, course designers, and industry practitioners. It is the result of a multidisciplinary exercise and will undoubtedly catalyze new specialties and collaborative Master and Doctoral level courses world-wide. In this perspective, the UNESCO Chair in digital anatomy was created at the Paris Descartes University in 2015 (www.anatomieunesco.org). It aims to federate the education of anatomy around university partners from all over the world, wishing to use these new 3D modeling techniques of the human body.

This book offers readers fresh insights on applying Extended Reality to Digital Anatomy, a novel emerging discipline. Indeed, the way professors teach anatomy in classrooms is changing rapidly as novel technology-based approaches become ever more accessible. Recent studies show that Virtual (VR), Augmented (AR), and Mixed-Reality (MR) can improve both retention and learning outcomes. Readers will find relevant tutorials about three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to perform virtual dissections. Several chapters serve as practical manuals for students and trainers in anatomy to refresh or develop their Digital Anatomy skills. We developed this book as a support tool for collaborative efforts around Digital Anatomy, especially in distance learning, international and interdisciplinary contexts. We aim to leverage source material in this book to support new Digital Anatomy courses and syllabi in interdepartmental, interdisciplinary collaborations. Digital Anatomy - Applications of Virtual, Mixed and Augmented Reality provides a valuable tool to foster cross-disciplinary dialogues between anatomists, surgeons, radiologists, clinicians, computer scientists, course designers, and industry practitioners. It is the result of a multidisciplinary exercise and will undoubtedly catalyze new specialties and collaborative Master and Doctoral level courses world-wide. In this perspective, the UNESCO Chair in digital anatomy was created at the Paris Descartes University in 2015 (www.anatomieunesco.org). It aims to federate the education of anatomy around university partners from all over the world, wishing to use these new 3D modeling techniques of the human body.

The field of sketch-based interfaces and modeling (SBIM) is concerned with developing methods and techniques to enable users to interact with a computer through sketching - a simple, yet highly expressive medium. SBIM blends concepts from computer graphics, human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Recent improvements in hardware, coupled with new machine learning techniques for more accurate recognition, and more robust depth inferencing techniques for sketch-based modeling, have resulted in an explosion of both sketch-based interfaces and pen-based computing devices. Presenting the first coherent, unified overview of SBIM, this unique text/reference bridges the two complementary research areas of user interaction (sketch-based interfaces), and graphical modeling and construction (sketch-based modeling). The book discusses the state of the art of this rapidly evolving field, with contributions from an international selection of experts. Also covered are sketch-based systems that allow the user to manipulate and edit existing data - from text, images, 3D shapes, and video - as opposed to modeling from scratch. Topics and features: reviews pen/stylus interfaces to graphical applications that avoid reliance on user interface modes; describes systems for diagrammatic sketch recognition, mathematical sketching, and sketch-based retrieval of vector drawings; examines pen-based user interfaces for engineering and educational applications; presents a set of techniques for sketch recognition that rely strictly on spatial information; introduces the Teddy system; a pioneering sketching interface for designing free-form 3D models; investigates a range of advanced sketch-based systems for modeling and designing 3D objects, including complex contours, clothing, and hair-styles; explores methods for modeling from just a single sketch or using only a few strokes. This text is an essential resource for researchers, practitioners and graduate students involved in human-factors and user interfaces, interactive computer graphics, and intelligent user interfaces and AI.

Implicit objects have gained increasing importance in geometric modeling, visualisation, animation, and computer graphics, because their geometric properties provide a good alternative to traditional parametric objects. This book presents the mathematics, computational methods and data structures, as well as the algorithms needed to render implicit curves and surfaces, and shows how implicit objects can easily describe smooth, intricate, and articulatable shapes, and hence why they are being increasingly used in graphical applications. Divided into two parts, the first introduces the mathematics of implicit curves and surfaces, as well as the data structures suited to store their sampled or discrete approximations, and the second deals with different computational methods for sampling implicit curves and surfaces, with particular reference to how these are applied to functions in 2D and 3D spaces.

The four-volume set LNCS 6946-6949 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT 2011, held in Lisbon, Portugal, in September 2011. The fourth volume includes 27 regular papers organized in topical sections on usable privacy and security, user experience, user modelling, visualization, and Web interaction, 5 demo papers, 17 doctoral consortium papers, 4 industrial papers, 54 interactive posters, 5 organization overviews, 2 panels, 3 contributions on special interest groups, 11 tutorials, and 16 workshop papers.

The four-volume set LNCS 6946-6949 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT 2011, held in Lisbon, Portugal, in September 2011. The 47 papers included in the first volume are organized in topical sections on accessibility, affective HCI, computer-mediated communication, computer-supported cooperative work, evaluation, finding and retrieving, fun/aesthetic design, gestures, and HCI in the classroom.

The four-volume set LNCS 6946-6949 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT 2011, held in Lisbon, Portugal, in September 2011. The 49 papers included in the second volume are organized in topical sections on health, human factors, interacting in public spaces, interacting with displays, interaction design for developing regions, interface design, international and culural aspect of HCI, interruptions and attention, mobile interfaces, multi-modal interfaces, multi-user interaction/cooperation, and navigation and wayfinding.

The four-volume set LNCS 6946-6949 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT 2011, held in Lisbon, Portugal, in September 2011. The 46 papers included in the third volume are organized in topical sections on novel user interfaces and interaction techniques, paper 2.0, recommender systems, social media and privacy, social networks, sound and smell, touch interfaces, tabletops, ubiquitous and context-aware computing, UI modeling, and usability.

The field of sketch-based interfaces and modeling (SBIM) is concerned with developing methods and techniques to enable users to interact with a computer through sketching - a simple, yet highly expressive medium. SBIM blends concepts from computer graphics, human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Recent improvements in hardware, coupled with new machine learning techniques for more accurate recognition, and more robust depth inferencing techniques for sketch-based modeling, have resulted in an explosion of both sketch-based interfaces and pen-based computing devices.

Presenting the first coherent, unified overview of SBIM, this unique text/reference bridges the two complementary research areas of user interaction (sketch-based interfaces), and graphical modeling and construction (sketch-based modeling). The book discusses the state of the art of this rapidly evolving field, with contributions from an international selection of experts. Also covered are sketch-based systems that allow the user to manipulate and edit existing data - from text, images, 3D shapes, and video - as opposed to modeling from scratch.

Topics and features: reviews pen/stylus interfaces to graphical applications that avoid reliance on user interface modes; describes systems for diagrammatic sketch recognition, mathematical sketching, and sketch-based retrieval of vector drawings; examines pen-based user interfaces for engineering and educational applications; presents a set of techniques for sketch recognition that rely strictly on spatial information; introduces the Teddy system; a pioneering sketching interface for designing free-form 3D models; investigates a range of advanced sketch-based systems for modeling and designing 3D objects, including complex contours, clothing, and hair-styles; explores methods for modeling from just a single sketch or using only a few strokes.

This text is an essential resource for researchers, practitioners and graduate students involved in human-factors and user interfaces, interactive computer graphics, and intelligent user interfaces and AI.

In thispa per, we describe the key lessons from an earlier HCI Educators' conference, held in Limerick in 2006, on 'inventivity' - a term coined to highlight the confluence of inventiveness and creativ ity. There is a distinction between being creative andbein g artistic. HCI education, in terms of creative inventiveness, is not just about artistically pleasing user inte rfaces, but also about solutions that are innovative. We can know much about creativ ity and inventiveness. However, tobe able to teach and train students so that th ey can be creatively inventive, we believe that it would be helpful if educators themselves have personally experienced this. With this in mind, we organised the follow up conference HCIEd 2007 Creativity: Experiencing to Educate and Design. Inventivity was coined to refer to the notiono f inventing creative and innovative solutions. This term was also intended tomean that such solutionsb e more than 'creative', artistic or appealing interfaces as designed by artistic or 'creative types' of people. It was also intended to reflect the creativeness of the solutions that had to be invented. One reason for emphasising this as pect at the conference was that, in HCI design it is easy to mis interpret the focus ofHCI d esign solutions - which should notad dress just visualisation and interaction design, but also address how that visualisation and interactioncreativ ely repr esents and simplifies the complexities in work thatpe ople engage in.

Implicit objects have gained increasing importance in geometric modeling, visualisation, animation, and computer graphics, because their geometric properties provide a good alternative to traditional parametric objects. This book presents the mathematics, computational methods and data structures, as well as the algorithms needed to render implicit curves and surfaces, and shows how implicit objects can easily describe smooth, intricate, and articulatable shapes, and hence why they are being increasingly used in graphical applications.

Divided into two parts, the first introduces the mathematics of implicit curves and surfaces, as well as the data structures suited to store their sampled or discrete approximations, and the second deals with different computational methods for sampling implicit curves and surfaces, with particular reference to how these are applied to functions in 2D and 3D spaces.

In thispa per, we describe the key lessons from an earlier HCI Educators' conference, held in Limerick in 2006, on 'inventivity' - a term coined to highlight the confluence of inventiveness and creativ ity. There is a distinction between being creative andbein g artistic. HCI education, in terms of creative inventiveness, is not just about artistically pleasing user inte rfaces, but also about solutions that are innovative. We can know much about creativ ity and inventiveness. However, tobe able to teach and train students so that th ey can be creatively inventive, we believe that it would be helpful if educators themselves have personally experienced this. With this in mind, we organised the follow up conference HCIEd 2007 Creativity: Experiencing to Educate and Design. Inventivity was coined to refer to the notiono f inventing creative and innovative solutions. This term was also intended tomean that such solutionsb e more than 'creative', artistic or appealing interfaces as designed by artistic or 'creative types' of people. It was also intended to reflect the creativeness of the solutions that had to be invented. One reason for emphasising this as pect at the conference was that, in HCI design it is easy to mis interpret the focus ofHCI d esign solutions - which should notad dress just visualisation and interaction design, but also address how that visualisation and interactioncreativ ely repr esents and simplifies the complexities in work thatpe ople engage in.

This book includes selected papers of the VISAPP and GRAPP International Conferences 2006, held in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, February 25-28, 2006.

The 27 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 314 submissions. The topics include geometry and modeling, rendering, animation and simulation, interactive environments, image formation and processing, image analysis, image understanding, motion, tracking and stereo vision.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Design, Specification, and Verification of Interactive Systems, DSV-IS 2003, held in Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, in June 2003.

The 26 revised full papers and 5 revised short papers presented together with an invited paper have passed through two rounds of reviewing, selection, and improvement. The papers are organized in topical sections on test and evaluation, Web and groupware, tools and technologies, task modeling, model-based design, mobile and multiple devices, UML, and specification languages.

Integration of pen input into interactive environments holds the promise of gains in user friendliness and more natural interaction styles than present direct manipulation tools can provide, since handwritten gestures and pen strokes offer more expressive power than the keyboard or mouse. However, penbased applications have yet to enjoy widespread acceptance, because pen data are diffcult to analyze due to noise, user variations and imprecise meaning. Calligraphic interfaces is a term we have coined to designate a class of pen based user interfaces in which handsketching or drawing serves as the main organizational metaphor as opposed to the point-and-click desktop metaphor commonly employed in current graphical user interfaces. Our study of calligraphic interfaces extends previous research in formal visual languages, syntactic pattern recognition, and user interface design. Our adjacency-driven parsing approach improves on previous research by using adjacency-constraining relations to prune the search space during intermediate analysis steps thereby yielding gains in asymptotic complexity.