The Indian sale of Manhattan is one of the world's most cherished legends. Few people know that the Indians who made the fabled sale were Munsees whose ancestral homeland lay between the lower Hudson and upper Delaware river valleys. The story of the Munsee people has long lain unnoticed in broader histories of the Delaware Nation.

Now, "The Munsee Indians" deftly interweaves a mass of archaeological, anthropologi-cal, and archival source material to resurrect the lost history of this forgotten people, from their earliest contacts with Europeans to their final expulsion just before the American Revolution. Anthropologist Robert S. Grumet rescues from obscurity Mattano, Tackapousha, Mamanuchqua, and other Munsee sachems whose influence on Dutch and British settlers helped shape the course of early American history in the mid-Atlantic heartland. He looks past the legendary sale of Manhattan to show for the first time how Munsee leaders forestalled land-hungry colonists by selling small tracts whose vaguely worded and bounded titles kept courts busy--and settlers out--for more than 150 years.

Ravaged by disease, war, and alcohol, the Munsees finally emigrated to reservations in Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Ontario, where most of their descendants still live today. Coinciding with the four hundredth anniversary of Hudson's voyage to the river that bears his name, this book shows how Indians and settlers struggled, in land deals and other transactions, to reconcile cultural ideals with political realities. The result is the most authoritative treatment of the Munsee experience--one that restores this people to their place in history.

"This book is published with the generous assistance of Furthermore: a program of the J. M. Kaplan Fund."

In the beginning, North America was Indian country. But only in the beginning. After the opening act of the great national drama, Native Americans yielded to the westward rush of European settlers. Or so the story usually goes. Yet, for three centuries after Columbus, Native people controlled most of eastern North America and profoundly shaped its destiny. In Facing East from Indian Country, Daniel K. Richter keeps Native people center-stage throughout the story of the origins of the United States. Viewed from Indian country, the sixteenth century was an era in which Native people discovered Europeans and struggled to make sense of a new world. Well into the seventeenth century, the most profound challenges to Indian life came less from the arrival of a relative handful of European colonists than from the biological, economic, and environmental forces the newcomers unleashed. Drawing upon their own traditions, Indian communities reinvented themselves and carved out a place in a world dominated by transatlantic European empires. In 1776, however, when some of Britain's colonists rebelled against that imperial world, they overturned the system that had made Euro-American and Native coexistence possible. Eastern North America only ceased to be an Indian country because the revolutionaries denied the continent's first peoples a place in the nation they were creating. In rediscovering early America as Indian country, Richter employs the historian's craft to challenge cherished assumptions about times and places we thought we knew well, revealing Native American experiences at the core of the nation's birth and identity.

In this sweeping collection of essays, one of America's leading colonial historians reinterprets the struggle between Native peoples and Europeans in terms of how each understood the material basis of power. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in eastern North America, Natives and newcomers alike understood the close relationship between political power and control of trade and land, but they did so in very different ways. For Native Americans, trade was a collective act. The alliances that made a people powerful became visible through material exchanges that forged connections among kin groups, villages, and the spirit world. The land itself was often conceived as a participant in these transactions through the blessings it bestowed on those who gave in return. For colonizers, by contrast, power tended to grow from the individual accumulation of goods and landed property more than from collective exchange-from domination more than from alliance. For many decades, an uneasy balance between the two systems of power prevailed. Tracing the messy process by which global empires and their colonial populations could finally abandon compromise and impose their definitions on the continent, Daniel K. Richter casts penetrating light on the nature of European colonization, the character of Native resistance, and the formative roles that each played in the origins of the United States.

In this sweeping collection of essays, one of America's leading colonial historians reinterprets the struggle between Native peoples and Europeans in terms of how each understood the material basis of power. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in eastern North America, Natives and newcomers alike understood the close relationship between political power and control of trade and land, but they did so in very different ways. For Native Americans, trade was a collective act. The alliances that made a people powerful became visible through material exchanges that forged connections among kin groups, villages, and the spirit world. The land itself was often conceived as a participant in these transactions through the blessings it bestowed on those who gave in return. For colonizers, by contrast, power tended to grow from the individual accumulation of goods and landed property more than from collective exchange-from domination more than from alliance. For many decades, an uneasy balance between the two systems of power prevailed. Tracing the messy process by which global empires and their colonial populations could finally abandon compromise and impose their definitions on the continent, Daniel K. Richter casts penetrating light on the nature of European colonization, the character of Native resistance, and the formative roles that each played in the origins of the United States.

America began, we are often told, with the Founding Fathers, the men who waged a revolution and created a unique place called the United States. We may acknowledge the early Jamestown and Puritan colonists and mourn the dispossession of Native Americans, but we rarely grapple with the complexity of the nation's pre-revolutionary past. In this pathbreaking revision, Daniel Richter shows that the United States has a much deeper history than is apparent-that far from beginning with a clean slate, it is a nation with multiple pasts that stretch back as far as the Middle Ages, pasts whose legacies continue to shape the present. Exploring a vast range of original sources, Before the Revolution spans more than seven centuries and ranges across North America, Europe, and Africa. Richter recovers the lives of a stunning array of peoples-Indians, Spaniards, French, Dutch, Africans, English-as they struggled with one another and with their own people for control of land and resources. Their struggles occurred in a global context and built upon the remains of what came before. Gradually and unpredictably, distinctive patterns of North American culture took shape on a continent where no one yet imagined there would be nations called the United States, Canada, or Mexico. By seeing these trajectories on their own dynamic terms, rather than merely as a prelude to independence, Richter's epic vision reveals the deepest origins of American history.

For the average tourist, the history of Philadelphia can be like a leisurely carriage ride through Old City. The Liberty Bell. Independence Hall. Benjamin Franklin. The grooves in the cobblestone are so familiar, one barely notices the ride. Yet there are other paths to travel, and the ride can be bumpy. Beyond the famed founders, other Americans walked the streets of Philadelphia whose lives were, in their own ways, just as emblematic of the promises and perils of the new nation. Philadelphia Stories chronicles twelve of these lives to explore the city's people and places from the colonial era to the years before the Civil War. This collective portrait includes men and women, Black and white Americans, immigrants and native born. If mostly forgotten today, banker Stephen Girard was one of the wealthiest men ever to have lived, and his material legacy can be seen by visiting sites such as Girard College. In a different register, but equally impressive, were the accomplishments of Sarah Thorn Tyndale. In a few short years as a widow she made enough money on her porcelain business to retire to a life as a reformer. Others faced frustration. Take, for example, Grace Growden Galloway. Born to an important family, she saw her home invaded and her property confiscated by patriot forces. Or consider the life of Francis Johnson, a Black bandleader and composer who often performed at the Musical Fund Hall, which still stands today. And yet he was barred from joining its Society. Philadelphia Stories examines their rich lives, as well as those of others who shaped the city's past. Many of the places inhabited by these people survive to this day. In the pages of this book and on the streets of the city, one can visit both the people and places of Philadelphia's rich history.

In diesem Buch werden erstmals gynakologische Probleme bei Kindern und Jugendlichen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung entwicklungsphysiologischer Kriterien von padiatrischer und gynakologischer Seite gemeinsam dargestellt. Ausfuhrlich werden die aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie bei systemischen Erkrankungen und funktionellen Storungen besprochen, ebenso wie Kontrazeption, Sexualhygiene und sportmedizinische Aspekte. Die Darstellung der Anatomie der primaren weiblichen Geschlechtsorgane, der Untersuchungstechnik einschliesslich des im Kindes- und Jugendalter geeigneten Instrumentariums vermitteln die notwendigen Kenntnisse fur die spezielle klinische Untersuchung. Ein umfassendes Abbildungsmaterial und die tabellarische Zusammenfassung, die straffe Gliederung der einzelnen Kapitel sowie ein ausfuhrliches Literaturverzeichnis erleichtern die Ubersicht uber komplexere Sachbereiche und machen das Buch zu einem handlichen Nachschlagewerk fur Gynakologen und Padiater in Praxis und Klinik.

Prof. Dr. rued. Kurt RICHTER Direktor der II. UniversiUits-Frauenklinik MUnchen Ubersetzung Dr. rued. M. GIROTTI Oberarzt der Universitats-Frauenklinik Bern Dr. rued. Anna E. SCHAER Universitats-Frauenklinik ZUrich Zeichnungen Prof. Ciril ABRAM TSBN-13: 978-3-642-81178-4 e-TSBN-13: 978-3-642-81177-7 DOT: 10. 1007/978-3-642-81177-7 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Kein T eil des Werkes darf in irgendeiner Form ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlegers reproduziert werden (c) 1977 by Piccin Editore, Padova Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1974 and 1977 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 Vorwort Dank des Verfassers 3 Einfuhrung 5 Allgemeines Bemerkungen zur Vorbereitung des Operateurs 9 Verbesserung eigener Resultate 10 10 Die Assistenz . Die Operationsschwester 13 14 Die Schnelligkeit beim Operieren Sicherhei tsmaE nahmen 16 Wahl des Eingriffes 18 Vorbereitung zum Eingriff 19 Technische und taktische Hinweise 20 Postoperative Behandlung 26 Technik der vaginalen Operationen Indikationen zur vaginalen Hysterektomie 35 Allgemeines zu den vaginalen Hysterektomien 35 Technik der vaginalen Hysterektomie 36 Einfache vaginale totale Hysterektomie 41 Vaginale totale Hysterektomie mit "Morcellement" 65 V aginale H ysterektomie nach Zervixamputation 75 Vaginale totale Hysterektomie nach Stoeckel beim Prolaps 79 Vaginale Radikaloperation nach Schaut a 86 Die "kleine" Schauta'sche Operation 121 Vordere und hintere Kolporrhaphie 125 Stressinkontinenz . 144 Alte Sphinkterrisse 164 Operation nach Emmet. 171 Konisation 175 Zervixcerclage nach Shirodkar 180 Marsupialisation von Zysten und Abszessen des Ausfuhrun- ganges der Bartholinischen Druse 191 Vesiko-vaginalfisteln 196 Einfache Vulvektomie .

1 Die Konferenzreihe des Europarats uber Fragen des Parlamentarismus und der Wissen- schaften verfolgt den Zweck, Parlamentarier, Wissenschaftler, Vertreter der Industrie, Ge- werkschaftler und wissenschaftliche Fuhrungskrafte aus ganz Europa, den wichtigsten in- ternationalen Organisationen und, soweit irgend moeglich, aus anderen Landern, die vor den gleichen Problemen stehen, im Hinblick auf periodische Diskussionen bestimmter Themen zusammenzufuhren. Vor der Abhaltung der ersten Konferenz im Jahr 1961 gab es kein eingesessenes internationales Forum, wo Vertreter dieser verschiedenen Diszipli- nen zusammenkommen und ihre Ansichten und Anliegen in bezug auf Fragen auf dem Gebiet von Wissenschaft und Politik zur Sprache bringen konnten. Die Konferenzreihe wurde ins Leben gerufen, weil man der Ansicht war, dass Wissenschaftler und Parlamenta- rier im besonderen und daruber hinaus alle Sozialpartner im allgemeinen dringend der Verbesserung der Verstandigung uber die Art und Weise der Loesung wissenschaftlicher und technologischer Fragen bedurften, zu denen sie in verschiedenen Stadien des Ent- scheidungsprozesses Stellung zu beziehen gezwungen sein wurden. Insbesondere war man der Meinung, dass die Vertrautheit der Politiker mit der Bedeutung und den Bedingungen wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung erhoeht und das Bewusstsein der Wissenschaftler von den Bedurfnissen der Gesellschaft, wie sie durch die Beweggrunde und Zwange demokrati- scher Politik vorgegeben sind, gescharft werden mussten. Die Konferenzen waren stets fur Anregungen von aussen empfanglich und standen Be- suchern von jenseits der Grenzen Europas offen.

The Indian sale of Manhattan is one of the world's most cherished legends. Few people know that the Indians who made the fabled sale were Munsees whose ancestral homeland lay between the lower Hudson and upper Delaware river valleys. The story of the Munsee people has long lain unnoticed in broader histories of the Delaware Nation. Now, The Munsee Indians deftly interweaves a mass of archaeological, anthropologi-cal, and archival source material to resurrect the lost history of this forgotten people, from their earliest contacts with Europeans to their final expulsion just before the American Revolution. Anthropologist Robert S. Grumet rescues from obscurity Mattano, Tackapousha, Mamanuchqua, and other Munsee sachems whose influence on Dutch and British settlers helped shape the course of early American history in the mid-Atlantic heartland. He looks past the legendary sale of Manhattan to show for the first time how Munsee leaders forestalled land-hungry colonists by selling small tracts whose vaguely worded and bounded titles kept courts busy-and settlers out-for more than 150 years. Ravaged by disease, war, and alcohol, the Munsees finally emigrated to reservations in Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Ontario, where most of their descendants still live today. Coinciding with the four hundredth anniversary of Hudson's voyage to the river that bears his name, this book shows how Indians and settlers struggled, in land deals and other transactions, to reconcile cultural ideals with political realities. The result is the most authoritative treatment of the Munsee experience-one that restores this people to their place in history. This book is published with the generous assistance of Furthermore: a program of the J. M. Kaplan Fund.

Solare Plasmawolken, die auf die Magnetosphare der Erde treffen, verursachen in polaren Breiten eine Anzahl geophysikalischer Phanomene. Hierzu geh5ren die Polarlichterscheinungen [AKASOFU, 1965 (zusammenfassende Darstellung)], R5ntgenstrahlungseinbruche, die man mit Ballonen in 30 -35 km H5he messen kann [MEREDITH et al., 1955; PFOTZER et al., 1962], bayartige geomagnetische Sto- rungen [KREMSER, 1964] sowie eine zusatzliche Absorption der kosmischen Radiostrahlung. Aufgrund der Haufigkeit und der raumlichen und zeitlichen Struktur dieser geophysikalischen Erschei- nungen unterscheidet man heute zwei Gebiete, in denen sie auftreten, die Polarlichizone und das Polar- lichtoval. Die Polarlichtzone ist ein urn den geomagnetischen Pol nahezu zentrierter Ring, in dem haupt- sachlich morgens langer anhaltende strukturlose Erscheinungen auftreten. Das Intensitatsmaximum liegt 0 im statistischen Mittel bei 67 geomagnetischer Breite. Unter dem Polarlichtoval versteht man einen 0 schmalen, ovalen Bereich, des sen Zentrum ungefahr urn 3 von dem geomagnetischen Pol zur Nachtseite hin verschoben ist. Langs dieses Ovals beobachtet man besonders urn Mitternacht bei hinreichend grol3en geomagnetischen StOrungen Polarlichtb5gen, aus denen sich die aktiven, d. h. die schnell bewegten und mit Strahlenstrukturen gekennzeichneten Polarlichtformen entwickeln. Im Mitternachtssektor uberdecken sich die Polarlichtzone und das Polarlichtoval. Die in den Polarlichtgebieten etwa 1 - 3 Std. dauernden Phanomene nennt man polare Teilsturme und bezeichnet sie im einzelnen als polare magnetische Teilsturme, PolarlichtteilsWrme. R5ntgenstrahlungs- teilsWrme und IonospharenteilsWrme [SEILER und KERTZ, 1967] . AKASOFU [1968] definierte als umfassendes Elementarereignis den magnetospharischen Teilsturm.

This research examined the effect of organizational structure on the relationships between subordinates and their supervisors using measures of leader-member exchange (LMX), mentoring effectiveness, perceived organizational support (POS), perceived opportunities for promotion, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and intent to remain. The sample obtained included 147 subordinate Air Force traditional Civil Engineer officers, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) officers, Bioenvironmental Engineer officers, and 27 squadron commanders at 19 Air Force bases. The methods of multiple analysis of variance and structural equation modeling were used to evaluate five research questions and nineteen hypotheses. Overall, no differences were found between the types of subordinate officer surveyed for the constructs of interest. However, it was found that subordinates and their commanders view their relationships differently. Commanders reported higher responses for LMX and mentoring effectiveness that did not correlate with their subordinate's responses, suggesting that the relationship between commanders and their subordinates needs to be strengthened. The research also revealed that subordinate officers felt average to slightly positive about the LMX, POS, perceived opportunities for promotion, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and intent to remain in the Air Force. The research concluded with providing tentative support for suggesting that organizational structure may play a role in the perceptions and intentions of subordinate officers.

Richter examines a wide range of primary documents to survey the responses of the peoples of the Iroquois League--the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras--to the challenges of the European colonialization of North America. He demonstrates that by the early eighteenth century a series of creative adaptations in politics and diplomacy allowed the peoples of the Longhouse to preserve their cultural autonomy in a land now dominated by foreign powers.

After political defeats and the loss of half his capital in a ranching venture in North Dakota, Theodore Roosevelt began writing his ambitious history of the conquest of the American West in 1888. He projected a sweeping drama, well documented and filled with Americans fighting Indian confederacies north and south while dealing with the machinations of the British, French, and Spanish and their sympathizers. Roosevelt wanted to show how backwoodsmen such as Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton, followed by hardy pioneer settlers, gave the United States eventual claim to land west of the Alleghanies. Heroism and treachery among both the whites and the Indians can be seen in his rapidly shifting story of a people on the move. By force and by treaty the new nation was established in the East, and when the explorers and settlers pushed against the Mississippi, everything west of the river was considered part of that nation. Roosevelt's second volume further illustrates his contention that no regular army could have prevailed in the border fighting, only toughened individual frontiersmen. Here Boone is seen again, as well as George Rogers Clark, the conqueror of the Illinois country. Roosevelt shows how the American Revolution helped the newly independent peoples take over the West.