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This book gives a comprehensive presentation of our present
understanding of the Earth's Hydrological cycle and the problems,
consequences and impacts that go with this topic. Water is a
central component in the Earth's system. It is indispensable for
life on Earth in its present formand influences virtually every
aspect of our planet's life support system. On relatively short
time scales, atmospheric water vapor interacts with the atmospheric
circulation and is crucial in forming the Earth's climate zones.
Water vapor is the most powerful of the greenhouse gases and serves
to enhance the tropospheric temperature. The dominant part of
available water on Earth resides in the oceans. Parts are locked up
in the land ice on Greenland and Antarctica and a smaller part is
estimated to exist as groundwater. If all the ice over the land and
all the glaciers were to melt, the sea level would rise by some 80
m. In comparison, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
is small; it amounts to 25 kg/m2, or the equivalent of 25 mm water
for each column of air. Yet atmospheric water vapor is crucial for
the Earth s energy balance. The book gives an up to date
presentation of the present knowledge.Previously published in
Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 35, No. 3, 2014"
One of the main reasons we cannot tell what the weather will be
tomorrow is that we do not know accurately enough what the weather
is today. Mathematically speaking, numerical weather prediction
(NWP) is an initial-value problem for a system of nonlinear partial
differential equations in which the necessary initial values are
known only incompletely and inaccurately. Data at the initial time
of a numerical forecast can be supplemented, however, by
observations of the atmos phere over a time interval preceding it.
New observing systems, in particular polar-orbiting and
geostationary satellites, which are providing observations
continuously in time, make is absolutely necess ary to find new and
more satisfactory methods of assimilating meteorological
observations - for the dual purpose of defining atmospheric states
and of issuing forecasts from the states thus defined. FUndamental
progress in this area has been made in recent years and this book
attempts to give a review and some suggestions for further
improvements in the field of meteorological data assimila tion
methods. The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts
(ECMWF) every year organises seminars for the benefit of
meteorologists and geophysicists of the ECMWF Member states. The
1980 Seminar was devoted to data assimilation methods, and this
book contains selected lectures from that seminar. The purpose of
the seminar was twofold: it was intended to give a basic
introduction to the subject, as well as an overview of the latest
developments in the field."
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