Crime and Terrorism Risk is a collection of original essays and articles that presents a broad overview of the issues related to the assessment and management of risk in the new security age. These original articles show how researchers, experts and the public are beginning to think about crime and terrorism issues in terms of a new risk paradigm that emphasizes establishing a balance between threat and resources in developing prevention and response strategies.

Crime and Terrorism Risk is a collection of original essays and articles that presents a broad overview of the issues related to the assessment and management of risk in the new security age. These original articles show how researchers, experts and the public are beginning to think about crime and terrorism issues in terms of a new risk paradigm that emphasizes establishing a balance between threat and resources in developing prevention and response strategies.

This brief focuses on translational criminology practices as they relate to counter-terrorism and homeland security. The work provides a detailed and practical examination of how global threats (such as, terrorism and cybercrime) are managed through local response. It covers emerging strategies in data collection procedures, inter-agency cooperation, and new analytical techniques including risk-terrain modeling. In addition, it presents a common methodology, including steps in risk assessment, risk management, and decision-making, that can be used to frame and analyze global and local threats. The authors examine these issues using examples of how law enforcement responded to specific security threats including the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, the 2003 terrorist attack in Istanbul, Turkey, and the 2010 Stuxnet attack on the Natanz nuclear facility in Iran.
This work expands on existing literature covering the impact that globalization has on cross national threats, drawing on disciplines related to criminology, such as international relations and political science. "

In the past eight years, there has been a massive increase in government spending on counterterrorism intervention development and implementation. Given this increase, there are two evidence-based policy questions that are important to address: Is there evidence that any of these programs are effective - in other words, can they be shown to be linked to reducing terrorism, terrorist recruiting, or to improving the response and management of terrorist events? Do these interventions have secondary or collateral effects that may be costly, harmful, illegal, beneficial, or otherwise? As Lum and Kennedy discovered in an evaluation research on counterterrorism interventions, only a minuscule number of empirical studies of terrorism exist and there is an almost complete absence of evaluation research on counter-terrorism strategies. This is startling given the enormous increases in the development and use of counter-terrorism programs, as well as spending on counter-terrorism activity. Even more disconcerting was the nature of the evaluations we did find; some programs were shown to either have no discernible effect on terrorism or lead to increases in terrorism. The emphasis of the need for empirical research in evaluating interventions and informing policy cannot be overstated, and is the primary goal of Evidence-Based Counterterrorism Policy.

In the past eight years, there has been a massive increase in government spending on counterterrorism intervention development and implementation. Given this increase, there are two evidence-based policy questions that are important to address:

Is there evidence that any of these programs are effective - in other words, can they be shown to be linked to reducing terrorism, terrorist recruiting, or to improving the response and management of terrorist events?

Do these interventions have secondary or collateral effects that may be costly, harmful, illegal, beneficial, or otherwise?

As Lum and Kennedy discovered in an evaluation research on counterterrorism interventions, only a minuscule number of empirical studies of terrorism exist and there is an almost complete absence of evaluation research on counter-terrorism strategies. This is startling given the enormous increases in the development and use of counter-terrorism programs, as well as spending on counter-terrorism activity. Even more disconcerting was the nature of the evaluations we did find; some programs were shown to either have no discernible effect on terrorism or lead to increases in terrorism. The emphasis of the need for empirical research in evaluating interventions and informing policy cannot be overstated, and is the primary goal of "Evidence-Based Counterterrorism Policy."

Work on risk has developed into a large industry applied in a variety of ways and locations. Here we locate crime research in the overall interdisciplinary study of risk and begin to address how risk can be used as a key element in our understanding of crime origins, evolution and prevention. We investigate how risk has been dealt with in crime theories and the usefulness of this concept in connecting crime perspectives together; we consider the ways in which risk is embedded in the evolution of crime; and how we might use the concept of risk to prevent crime and victimization. Using the criminal event perspective, we tie together risk with crime theories in a coherent fashion. Further, we explore how these ideas work in practical applications of crime control and prevention. The implicit notion of risk assessment practiced by police is explored and made explicit in our treatment of this topic in our last chapter. We believe that the increased interest in risk demands that we have a clearer idea of how it works within crime theories and how it can be successfully employed in improving police practice, providing the tools to act proactively on good intelligence and carefully thought out strategies.

Imagine using an evidence-based risk management model that enables researchers and practitioners alike to analyze the spatial dynamics of crime, allocate resources, and implement custom crime and risk reduction strategies that are transparent, measurable, and effective. Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) diagnoses the spatial attractors of criminal behavior and makes accurate forecasts of where crime will occur at the microlevel. RTM informs decisions about how the combined factors that contribute to criminal behavior can be targeted, connections to crime can be monitored, spatial vulnerabilities can be assessed, and actions can be taken to reduce worst effects. As a diagnostic method, RTM offers a statistically valid way to identify vulnerable places.

Risk-based policing is a research advancement that improves public safety, and its applications prevent crime specifically by managing crime risks. In Risk-Based Policing, the authors analyze case studies from a variety of city agencies including Atlantic City, New Jersey; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Glendale, Arizona; Kansas City, Missouri; Newark, New Jersey; and others. They demonstrate how focusing police resources on risky places and basing police work on smart uses of data can address the worst effects of disorder and crime while improving community relations and public safety. Topics include the role of big data; the evolution of modern policing; dealing with high-risk targets; designing, implementing, and evaluating risk-based policing strategies; and the role of multiple stakeholders in risk-based policing. The book also demonstrates how risk terrain modeling can be extended to provide a comprehensive view of prevention and deterrence.

There are many concepts, theories, technologies, and ideas that we rely on in the course of work as criminologists and crime analysts. This book summarizes how we understand them and how they relate to crime and illegal behavior at certain places. We can support all of the statements with prior or ongoing empirical research, professional experiences, and expert practitioner knowledge. But, we do not bore you with the details here.

Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) is an approach to risk assessment in which separate map layers representing the spatial influence and intensity of a crime risk factor is created in a geographic information system (GIS). Then all map layers are combined to produce a composite risk terrain map with values that account for all risk factors at every place throughout the landscape. RTM builds upon principles of hotspot mapping, environmental criminology, and problem-oriented policing to produce maps that show where conditions are ideal or conducive for crimes to occur given the environmental contexts. RTM is a statistically valid way to articulate and communicate crime-prone areas at the micro-level according to the spatial influence of criminogenic features. The "Risk Terrain Modeling Manual" (2010) presented the theoretical framework and complete steps of RTM. The "Risk Terrain Modeling Compendium" presents applications and concepts of RTM that were not already discussed at length in the RTM Manual. Part 1 presents an overview of risk terrain modeling, explains the history of its development, and discusses techniques for operationalizing spatial influence. Part 2 is a series of literature reviews with risk factors that are known to be related to a variety of crime types. Part 3 demonstrates how RTM may be applied to different crime types and settings, and how it can be used for a variety of practical endeavors, such as forecasting crime or evaluating place-based interventions. Part 4 concludes the book with thought pieces about RTM's potential applications to research, technologies, and activities related to public safety and security.

RISK TERRAIN MODELING (RTM) is an approach to risk assessment that standardizes risk factors to common geographic units over a continuous surface. Separate map layers representing the presence, absence, or intensity of each risk factor at every place throughout a terrain is created in a Geographic Information System (GIS), and then all risk map layers are combined to produce a composite "risk terrain" map with attribute values that account for all risk factors at every location throughout the geography. RTM aids in strategic decision-making and tactical action by showing where conditions are ripe for events to occur in the future. This manual is offered as a primer on risk in the criminal event and demonstrates effective ways to apply RTM to crime analysis and policing operations. It begins with a review of the RTM approach to spatial risk assessment and presents a short overview of the theoretical underpinnings of criminological theory that have addressed the social and environmental factors that contribute to crime patterns, hotspots, and risk terrains. The second part details the technical steps for analysts to take in using ArcGIS software to develop risk terrain maps. The third and final part presents ideas of how RTM works in strategic and tactical decision-making, particularly within the context of the ACTION model for risk-based intelligence-led policing. With this manual, analysts can produce risk terrain maps that give actionable meaning to the relationships that exist between place-based indicators and crime outcomes. Planners can use this approach to develop strategic models to forecast where crime problems are likely to emerge and to engage in steps that might reduce risks of crime occurring in the future.

This is the most up-to-date and thought-provoking undergraduate text on the controversial topic of victimology available. It features a lively, engaging writing style.
Designed for the American college and university market, this book is groundbreaking in its integrated approach to the study of society's crime victims and the forces that influence their victimization. This approach eases instruction by encouraging students to engage in critical thinking about victims--helping students understand how victimization relates to the social context in which victims live.
Crime Victims in Context explores the following themes:
* Ways in which the victim role is constructed in the media, in public discourse, and in political responses to crime. This sets the stage for rethinking the meaning of victimization.
* Approaching victimization as a social event--the social exchanges, or transactions, between victim and offender.
* An exploration of the aftermath of crime--examining the effects of crime on the victim, including the physical and socio-emotional costs of victimization.
* Responses by the criminal justice system in the adjudication of offender guilt as well as victim support groups.
Coverage includes both sides of such controversial issues as fear of crime, victim blaming, the "abuse excuse," white-collar victimization, and restorative justice. The discussion of culture and the discussion of victims and victimization as moral stratification are innovative features of this text. There is extensive treatment of victimization theories and a review of data-collection procedures used in collecting information about victimization. Numerous examples drawn from reallife and recent research serve to illustrate points throughout the book.
Internet references are also included.

Work on risk has developed into a large industry applied in a variety of ways and locations. Here we locate crime research in the overall interdisciplinary study of risk and begin to address how risk can be used as a key element in our understanding of crime origins, evolution and prevention. We investigate how risk has been dealt with in crime theories and the usefulness of this concept in connecting crime perspectives together; we consider the ways in which risk is embedded in the evolution of crime; and how we might use the concept of risk to prevent crime and victimization. Using the criminal event perspective, we tie together risk with crime theories in a coherent fashion. Further, we explore how these ideas work in practical applications of crime control and prevention. The implicit notion of risk assessment practiced by police is explored and made explicit in our treatment of this topic in our last chapter. We believe that the increased interest in risk demands that we have a clearer idea of how it works within crime theories and how it can be successfully employed in improving police practice, providing the tools to act proactively on good intelligence and carefully thought out strategies.

In confronting risk, individuals and all agencies cannot simply respond with endless resources in mitigating the damage that hazards engender-they have to establish a balance. Risk Balance and Security combines the conceptual underpinnings of risk assessment and management at both the individual and agency level with a clear analysis of how these relate to challenges faced in responding to crime, terrorism, public health threats, and environmental disasters. With a new understanding of how decisions are made about threats and hazards, and how this understanding may be applied in our preparedness, prevention, and response strategies, we will be able to better conceptualize our task for enhancing security in the future. Key Features Links theoretical ideas with real world examples: Clear discussions are presented of how risk is constructed in modern society and why that is important in our efforts to develop strategies to enhance security. Provides an interdisciplinary treatment of risk: To capture the realities facing public security today, ideas are drawn from a number of different disciplines. Illustrates real applications of solutions to security problems: Students are shown how agencies are dealing with specific threats to security. Compares individual-level and institutional-level assessments of risk and security: These divergences enable readers to appreciate the complexities of establishing security. Intended Audience This is an excellent text for undergraduate and graduate courses such as Disaster Research, Security, Police Studies, Emergency Planning, and Crime and Public Policy in the departments of criminology, criminal justice, political science, and public health.

In confronting risk, individuals and all agencies cannot simply respond with endless resources in mitigating the damage that hazards engender-they have to establish a balance. Risk Balance and Security combines the conceptual underpinnings of risk assessment and management at both the individual and agency level with a clear analysis of how these relate to challenges faced in responding to crime, terrorism, public health threats, and environmental disasters. With a new understanding of how decisions are made about threats and hazards, and how this understanding may be applied in our preparedness, prevention, and response strategies, we will be able to better conceptualize our task for enhancing security in the future. Key Features Links theoretical ideas with real world examples: Clear discussions are presented of how risk is constructed in modern society and why that is important in our efforts to develop strategies to enhance security. Provides an interdisciplinary treatment of risk: To capture the realities facing public security today, ideas are drawn from a number of different disciplines. Illustrates real applications of solutions to security problems: Students are shown how agencies are dealing with specific threats to security. Compares individual-level and institutional-level assessments of risk and security: These divergences enable readers to appreciate the complexities of establishing security. Intended Audience This is an excellent text for undergraduate and graduate courses such as Disaster Research, Security, Police Studies, Emergency Planning, and Crime and Public Policy in the departments of criminology, criminal justice, political science, and public health.

When Push Comes to Shove examines the ways in which people define and respond to confrontations and interpersonal dilemmas in their lives. It includes insights from constructionist, interactionist, and criminal event perspectives to present the situational factors that contribute to conflict. The recent revelation that violence is connected with public and private life, and the realization that mainstream society tolerates many forms of violence, leads Kennedy and Forde to explore the circumstances when people use or don't use violent means to solve everyday disputes.