This book celebrates the relaunch of the African Pollen Database, presents state-of-the-art of modern and ancient pollen data from sub-Saharan Africa, and promotes Open Access science. Pollen grains are powerful tools for the study of past vegetation dynamics because they preserve well within sedimentary deposits and have a huge diversity in ornamentation that allows different taxa to be determined. The reconstruction of past vegetation from the examination of ancient pollen records thus can be used to characterize the nature of past landscapes (e.g. abundance of forests vs. grasslands), provide insights into changes in biodiversity, and gain empirical evidence of vegetation response to climatic change and human activity. In this, the 35th Volume of "Palaeoecology of Africa", we bring together new data and extensive synthetic reviews to provide novel insights into the relationships between human evolution, human activity, climate change and vegetation dynamics during the Quaternary, the last 2.6 million years.

Current and ongoing climate and land-use change is exerting pressure on modern vegetation formations and threatening the livelihoods and wellbeing of many peoples in Africa. In this book the focus is on the Quaternary because it is during this geological period that the modern vegetation formations developed into their current configurations against a backdrop of high magnitude global climate change (glacial-interglacial cycles), human evolution, and a growing human land-use footprint. In this book the latest information is presented and collated from around the African continent to parameterize past vegetation states, identify the drivers of vegetation change, and assess the vegetation resilience to change. To achieve this research from two broad themes are covered: (i) the present is the key to the past (i.e. studies which improve our understanding of modern environments so that we can better interpret evidence from the past), and (ii) the past is the key to the future (i.e. studies which unlock information on how and why vegetation changed in the past so one can better anticipate trajectories of future change).

This Open Access book will provide a strong foundation for future research exploring past ecological, environmental and climatic change within Africa and the surrounding islands. The book is organized regionally (covering western, eastern, central, and southern Africa) and it contains specialized articles focused on particular topics (such as modern pollen-vegetation relationships and fire as a driver of vegetation change), as well as regional and pan-African syntheses drawing together decades of research to assess key scientific questions (including the role of climate in driving vegetation change and the role of vegetation change in human evolution). These articles will be useful to students and teachers from high school to the highest level of university who are interested in the origins and dynamics of vegetation in Africa. Furthermore, it is also meant to provide societally relevant information that can act as an inspiration for the development of sustainable management practices for the future.

Table of Contents

1. Rise of the Palaeoecology of Africa series

2. The African Pollen Database (APD) and tracing environmental change: State of the Art

3. Preliminary evidence for green, brown and black worlds in tropical western Africa during the Middle and Late Pleistocene

4. Holocene high-altitude vegetation dynamics on Emi Koussi, Tibesti Mountains (Chad, Central Sahara)

5. Timing and nature of the end of the African Humid Period in the Sahel: Insight from pollen data

6. Changes in the West African landscape at the end of the African Humid Period

7. Reconstructing vegetation history of the Olorgesailie Basin during the Middle to Late Pleistocene using phytolith data

8. Sedimentological, palynological and charcoal analyses of the hydric palustrine sediments from the Lielerai-Kimana wetlands, Kajiado, southern Kenya

9. The new Garba Guracha palynological se-quence: Revision and data expansion

10. Lower to Mid-Pliocene pollen data from East African hominid sites, a review

11. Ecosystem change and human-environment interactions of Arabia

12. The challenge of pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of Holocene plant cover in tropical regions: A pilot study in Cameroon

13. A Holocene pollen record from Mboandong, a crater lake in lowland Cameroon

14. Future directions of palaeoecological research in the hyper-diverse Cape Floristic Region: The role of palynological studies

15. An atlas of southern African pollen types and their climatic affinities

16. Pollen productivity estimates from KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, South Africa

17. Modern pollen-vegetation relationships in the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa

18. A Late Holocene pollen and microcharcoal record from Eilandvlei, southern Cape coast, South Africa

19. A ~650 year pollen and microcharcoal record from Vankervelsvlei, South Africa

20. Pollen records of the 14th and 20th centuries AD from Lake Tsizavatsy in southwest Madagascar

21. Modern pollen studies from tropical Africa and their use in palaeoecology

22. Vegetation response to millennial- and orbital-scale climate changes in Africa:

A view from the Ocean

23. Inside-of-Africa: How landscape openness shaped Homo sapiens evolution by facilitating dispersal and gene-flow in Middle and Late Pleistocene Africa

24. The role of palaeoecology in conserving African ecosystems

Hel Toe En Terug vertel die geskiedenis van die oorlog binne die bestek van minder as 170 bladsye en is ingedeel in agt afdelings, elk toegelig met uitsonderlike foto's en toepaslike kaarte. Een afdeling word in die besonder gewy aan Suid-Afrika se deelname aan die oorlog.

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