Environmental regulation in China is not really different from that in the rest of the world, except that environmental authorities are relatively new and less established. In order to understand why corporate environmental performance has hardly improved despite the existing regulatory framework, empirical research on high-level executives' perceptions of environmental protection is essential. This unique book analyses and interprets Chinese managers' perceptions of environmental management and regulatory enforcement practices in Chinese enterprises. Most importantly, it identifies the bottlenecks to environmental protection in Chinese firms. It includes a detailed analysis of the needs for management training (for example, CEO and executive development and MBA education) in China and presents a roadmap of how they can be met. Finally, it presents two case studies that illustrate how Chinese corporations currently react to a wide range of different environmental challenges, including hardening regulatory pressure, competition and lack of capital. Based on an innovative research project sponsored by the UNESCO/UNDP offices in Beijing and undertaken by the Institute for Management Development (IMD), Lausanne, Switzerland and the Business School of the Academy of Science and Technology (USTC), Hefei, China, Greening Chinese Business provides the first hard empirical evidence of how Chinese managers view environmental protection. Over 300 companies-both state-owned enterprises and SMEs-took part in the research. Key findings includeAround 70% of managers surveyed admit moderate or even heavy environmental impact (this is a subjective assessment without an external benchmark). Furthermore, they indicate that the lack of environmental performance is primarily due to insufficient managerial expertise, capital and employment-related protectionism. Managers hesitate to take necessary action to upgrade technical equipment, because, although decreasing pollution, upgrading would lead to lay-offs that, in turn, would diminish social stability. Since the latter is first priority in China, managers fear loss of their companies'-and, attached to that, their personal-image, which plays a very important role in Chinese culture. Regulative enforcement has been strong enough to put environmental management on the "to do" lists of Chinese managers. Nevertheless, managers criticise existing enforcement practices as being too lax and untransparent (due to local protectionism, bribery and lack of expertise in the enforcement institutions). Managers consider environmental functionaries-the Chinese equivalent of an environmental protection agency-and the government to be the most important environmental stakeholders. This is a clear sign for their predominantly reactive attitude towards environmental protection: few Chinese companies are going beyond compliance and pioneering integrated approaches to pollution prevention. The research shows similarities between current Chinese company approaches and the "state of the art" in industrial centres of OECD countries such as Germany in the 1960s. Apart from a lack of capital, managers cite a lack of expertise-managerial more than technical-as the main obstacle to "greening" their organisations. Environmental management programmes need to be developed: competence-building should start with CEOs and executives. Greening Chinese Business will aid readers to understand how: Chinese managers perceive and react to the increasing (more external than internal) pressure to improve environmental protection; understand the regulatory, public and business environment in which Chinese managers make decisions about environmental protection; understand the potential for improvement of this regulatory, public and business environment, either as a manager or an external stakeholder and develop strategies that lead to improved stakeholder relationships and, consequently, to competitive advantage; understand the urgent need to develop environmental management practices in Chinese companies in areas such as EMSs and supply chain management; and identify the resources available for management development in China.

This book proposes a bank risk aggregation framework based on financial statements. Specifically, bank risk aggregation is of great importance to maintain stable operation of banking industry and prevent financial crisis. A major obstacle to bank risk management is the problem of data shortage, which makes many quantitative risk aggregation approaches typically fail. Recently, to overcome the problem of inaccurate total risk results caused by the shortage of risk data, some researchers have proposed a series of financial statements-based bank risk aggregation approaches. However, the existing studies have drawbacks of low frequency and time lag of financial statements data and usually ignore off-balance sheet business risk in bank risk aggregation. Thus, by reviewing the research progress in bank risk aggregation based on financial statements and improving the drawbacks of existing methods, this book proposes a bank risk aggregation framework based on financial statements. It makes full use of information recorded in financial statements, including income statement, on- and off-balance sheet assets, and textual risk disclosures, which solves the problem of data shortage in bank risk aggregation to some extent and improves the reliability and rationality of bank risk aggregation results. This book not only improves the theoretical studies of bank risk aggregation, but also provides an important support for the capital allocation of the banking industry in practice. Thus, this book has theoretical and practical importance for bank managers and researchers of bank risk management.

This book proposes a bank risk aggregation framework based on financial statements. Specifically, bank risk aggregation is of great importance to maintain stable operation of banking industry and prevent financial crisis. A major obstacle to bank risk management is the problem of data shortage, which makes many quantitative risk aggregation approaches typically fail. Recently, to overcome the problem of inaccurate total risk results caused by the shortage of risk data, some researchers have proposed a series of financial statements-based bank risk aggregation approaches. However, the existing studies have drawbacks of low frequency and time lag of financial statements data and usually ignore off-balance sheet business risk in bank risk aggregation. Thus, by reviewing the research progress in bank risk aggregation based on financial statements and improving the drawbacks of existing methods, this book proposes a bank risk aggregation framework based on financial statements. It makes full use of information recorded in financial statements, including income statement, on- and off-balance sheet assets, and textual risk disclosures, which solves the problem of data shortage in bank risk aggregation to some extent and improves the reliability and rationality of bank risk aggregation results. This book not only improves the theoretical studies of bank risk aggregation, but also provides an important support for the capital allocation of the banking industry in practice. Thus, this book has theoretical and practical importance for bank managers and researchers of bank risk management.

The new urbanisation necessitates the upgrading of urban governance and spatial planning and design. Landscape Architecture Frontiers accentuates the intelligence on urban growth and physical construction for years. In this issue, LA Frontiers focuses on the topics about urban governance and spatial quality improvement under the promotion of inventory planning and governance refinement, including: 1) Urban village (micro-) renewals, waterfront revitalisation, and industrial, cultural, and historical heritage regeneration; 2) Public participation, community engagement, and other polycentric urban governance modes and inclusive design approaches; 3) The resilience of urban planning and design against sudden disasters and public health emergencies and crises; 4) Diagnoses on the working systems/mechanisms that support the upgrades of urban governance and public space construction, through lenses of Economic Sociology. By gathering cutting edge research with international outlooks and presenting latest practice examples among China and abroad, LA Frontiers might offer a new prospective that helps professionals interpret associated governance and planning policies, inform practitioners the goals and roadmaps of public empowerment, navigate planners and designers with flexible implementation and management guidelines, to eventually improve the spatial quality of public places, as well as the overall benefits in society, ecology, and economy.