METHODS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH PHILIP M. MORSE IKOFRShOU OK Im SHS MASSAC in M, rrs ivsrrii LI OF ri, c iiNOLO FOHMKHLl IMH1 TOR OK m.-K Hril WE PONS SlHlM-M A H AFION SHIM 1 OKKICK OK rilK SKCHhrVKk OK DKKKNSh GEORGE E. KIV1HAIJ IKOKI-SSOK OF III MlSlU OLlMHI IMVMiSlI FOKMI HI 1 1. IM l i D1UKCTOK orhii noNs IA IA rioN CHOI I MTK1 hTAri-Ji NAN FIRST EDITION REVISED Publinhod jointly by THE TECHNOLOGY PRESS OF MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. - NEW YORK CHAPMAN HALL, LTD. - LONDON Chapters I and VIII copyrighted 1951 by The Technology Press Chapters II through VII appear herein through the courtesy of the Office of Scientific Research and De velopment and the United States Navy SECOND PRINTING JULY, 1 95 1 PREFACE IN A sfcNSE, this book should have no authors names or else several pages of names Parts of the book were written by various persons during and at the end of World War II. What the undersigned have done is to collect the material, rewrite some in the light of later kno ledge, expand some to make it more generally intelligible, add chapters on organization and general procedures, and cement the mosaic into hat is hoped to be a fairly logical structure Since the undersigned were members of the Operations Research Gtuup, U. S, Navy, it is perhaps not surprising that the examples given are draun chiefly from the work of this group, though an effort has been made to include examples from the work of other groups Many persons have helped by discussions and editorial criticism, including members of other operations jf ear I roujis in this country and in Kngland To mention a few ould slight many others, so none l l c named. During the war the scope, methods, and triumphs of operations research ere not appreciated by most scientists or by most military men because no information was freely available If e are not to lose this valuable experience and background, some of it must be made available to the scientists and engineer as well ax to the artried services This is particularly important if the methods of operations research have important peacetime applications as it is believed they do. The first publication of this woik as in classified form, just after World War II. To further the purposes mentioned in the preceding paragraph, hem ever, the 1 volume has now been declassified, after suitable modification of a feu examples. The first and last chapters have been entirely rewritten, to bring the discussion up to date, in particular with respect to nonmihtury applications There has been growing interest in the application of the techniques of operations research in industry and other nonmihtary operations. This is evidenced by the formation of a committee on operations research of the U. S. National Research Council and of an Operations Research dub in London, and by the institution of classes in operations research in several American Universities. It is hoped that the present, unclassified edition of MKTHODB OF OPERATIONS HUBKARCH vill be equally of interest and of use to industrial, merchandising, and nonmihtary govern mental executives as the earlier, classified edition seems to have been in military circles. PHILIP M. MOIIHK GEORGK K KIM BALL Wa hington, D. C., April 1950 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1 Introduction . .... 1 2 Probability . . . . . . . .... 11 3 The Use of Measures of Effectiveness . . 38 4 Strategical Kinematics . . .. ... .61 5 Tactical Analysis . . . . 81 6 Gunnery and Bombardment Problems . . . 110 7 Operational Experiments Auth Equipment and Tactics . . . 129 8 Organizational and Procedural Problems . . 137 Tables . . . .146 Bibliography . . . 154 Index . . . . ...

This book challenges the separation between CSR and law. It also demonstrates that BRHR may be gradually separating from CSR through emphasis on state obligations. Authors from around the world discuss how businesses engage in CSR and human rights, and how governments and intergovernmental organisations may support business in taking responsibility

The use of mixed methods designs for conducting research has become a major trend in social science research. Renowned methodological experts Janice Morse and Linda Niehaus present a guide to intermediate and experienced researchers on the possibilities inherent in mixed method research. They offer the basic principles of conducting this kind of study, then examine a wide variety of design options available to the researcher, including their strengths and weaknesses and when to use them. Providing examples from a variety of disciplines, examining potential threats to validity, and showing the relationship between method and theory, the book will be a valuable addition to the methodologist's library and a useful text in courses in research design.

The mass media, press and television have always been central in the formation of corporate identity and the promotion of business image and reputation. This volume provides a new perspective into the interrelationships between media and organisations across three dimensions: Media as Business, Media in business and Business in the media.

Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation Revisited is a highly accessible description of the rapid development of grounded theories and the latest developments in grounded theory methods. A succinct overview of the development of grounded theory is provided, including the similarities and differences between Glaserian and Straussian grounded theory. The method introduced by Schatzman, and the development of Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory and Clarke's situational analysis, are clearly presented. The book is divided into seven sections: each type of grounded theory is discussed by the developer (or their student), followed by a chapter describing a project that used that particular type of grounded theory. Bookending these chapters is the first chapter, which describes the development and landscape of grounded theory, and a final chapter describing the challenges to the future of grounded theory. This book is ideally suited for beginning students trying to come to grips with the field as well as more advanced researchers attempting to delineate the major types of grounded theory.

Delivers all information required for mandatory Theoretical Foundations of Nursing course in one book By embracing the major conceptual and theoretical contributions to nursing research that are outside of ""traditional"" nursing theory, this is an vital resource for nurse researchers, and one that is indispensible for doctoral nursing students embarking on their dissertations. Containing the full complement of information required for the mandatory Theoretical Foundations of Nursing course for PhD programs, this text disseminates the foundational skills needed for excellence in research and scholarship. The book examines in-depth the components of nursing theory and the types and uses of theory in nursing research and practice, and teaches students about the nature and use of concepts, how to think critically, and ""ways of thinking"" that are essential for nursing research. This text contains information for developing concepts and mid-range theory, using a variety of qualitative research methods, developing theoretical scope by linking mid-range theories, and moving knowledge towards certainty and evidence. It also illustrates the construction of frameworks for quantitative inquiry, exploring theory in mixed-method design, and how theory develops knowledge. Each method includes a description of the methodological approach and examples of subsequent concept or theory development. The text includes several methods for the development of concepts, micro- and mid-range theories using qualitative research, and the new trend towards moving these qualitative theories to practice-based evidence. Each section of the book contains pragmatic examples and supplementary activities that encourage inquiry. An Instructors Manual facilitates the teaching of content to enhance student learning. Key Features: Teaches the significance of and foundations of Perspective, Concepts, Qualitatively-Derived Theory, Quantitative Frameworks, Quantitative Theoretical Development, Knowledge Development from Research, Application, and Evidence Focuses on current nursing research and how it is used in practice today Demonstrates the significant relationship between theory, research, knowledge development, evidence and practice Promotes excellence in scholarship and research Includes extensive Instructor's Manual to facilitate teaching of content.

The leading figure in qualitative health research (QHR), Janice M. Morse, asserts that QHR is its own separate discipline--distinct from both traditional health research and other kinds of qualitative research--and examines the implications of this position for theory, research, and practice. She contends that the health care environments transform many of the traditional norms of qualitative research and shape a new and different kind of research tradition. Similarly, the humanizing ethos of qualitative health research has much to teach traditional researchers and practitioners in health disciplines. She explores how the discipline of QHR can play out in practice, both in the clinic and in the classroom, in North America and around the world. A challenging, thought-provoking call to rethink how to conduct qualitative research in health settings.

Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation Revisited is a highly accessible description of the rapid development of grounded theories and the latest developments in grounded theory methods. A succinct overview of the development of grounded theory is provided, including the similarities and differences between Glaserian and Straussian grounded theory. The method introduced by Schatzman, and the development of Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory and Clarke's situational analysis, are clearly presented. The book is divided into seven sections: each type of grounded theory is discussed by the developer (or their student), followed by a chapter describing a project that used that particular type of grounded theory. Bookending these chapters is the first chapter, which describes the development and landscape of grounded theory, and a final chapter describing the challenges to the future of grounded theory. This book is ideally suited for beginning students trying to come to grips with the field as well as more advanced researchers attempting to delineate the major types of grounded theory.

An American Journal of Nursing 1994 Book of the Year Theoretically rich and stimulating, Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods targets matters inherent in qualitative research. It addresses some of the lesser-known or explicated qualitative research methods (such as ethology), the essential concepts of rigor and evaluation, dilemmas in data collection, and issues of scientific misconduct. The various schools of phenomenology and their major characteristics of excellence are described. In addition, ethical issues and concerns of scientific integrity are raised: Which set of ethics should a researcher use? Should one divulge their research purposes? Are there potential risks to informants? Each chapter in this volume deals with a matter that has not yet been resolved or addressed in existing literature. The chapters begin with a joint dialogue in which the contributors raise questions and comment upon the concept presented, thus giving a sense of the ongoing controversy these opinions engender. Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods is important reading for advanced students and researchers in all disciplines, especially nursing and allied health. "Are you looking for ideas and techniques that will enhance the integrity, excellence, and spirit of your qualitative research? If so, this is the book for you. [Here], writers clarify not only theoretical, epistemological, and methodological issues but tackle the sensitivity area of issues of the spirit in qualitative research. Discussions are generally written in a crisp, clear, sometimes serious/sometimes whimsical way. Altogether, this makes for a delightful, rich, readable scholarly work. There were few, if any, chapters that did not provide mw with a fresh way of looking at something or a possible answer to a question that I had been harboring. The whimsical nature of some of the chapters was most refreshing. This is an important book for moving the profession along in its capability for conducting qualitative research." --Lynne Maxwell, Nursing Research Quarterly "The direct approach taken by the authors in exploring the soundness of qualitative research makes the book valuable for researchers of any inquiry paradigm. . . . The contribution of this book--and where it succeeds brilliantly--is in raising as many questions as it answers. The authors are not afraid to give voice to what qualitative researchers know but often are reluctant to discuss: That exemplary qualitative research is not merely one set of steps that can be learned from a book and applied by all researchers." --Theory and Methods "I believe the book is interesting, varied in content, and of high quality. . . . It is simply a fact that many more nurses are undertaking qualitative research, and while the number and quality of qualitative research publications are increasing, there is still a dearth of high-level discussion in the literature about issues in the process and outcome of the research." --Kit Chesla, R.N., D.N.Sc., University of California, San Francisco

The leading figure in qualitative health research (QHR), Janice M. Morse, asserts that QHR is its own separate discipline--distinct from both traditional health research and other kinds of qualitative research--and examines the implications of this position for theory, research, and practice. She contends that the health care environments transform many of the traditional norms of qualitative research and shape a new and different kind of research tradition. Similarly, the humanizing ethos of qualitative health research has much to teach traditional researchers and practitioners in health disciplines. She explores how the discipline of QHR can play out in practice, both in the clinic and in the classroom, in North America and around the world. A challenging, thought-provoking call to rethink how to conduct qualitative research in health settings.

The use of mixed methods designs for conducting research has become a major trend in social science research. Renowned methodological experts Janice Morse and Linda Niehaus present a guide to intermediate and experienced researchers on the possibilities inherent in mixed method research. They offer the basic principles of conducting this kind of study, then examine a wide variety of design options available to the researcher, including their strengths and weaknesses and when to use them. Providing examples from a variety of disciplines, examining potential threats to validity, and showing the relationship between method and theory, the book will be a valuable addition to the methodologist's library and a useful text in courses in research design.

This book challenges the separation between CSR and law. It also demonstrates that BRHR may be gradually separating from CSR through emphasis on state obligations. Authors from around the world discuss how businesses engage in CSR and human rights, and how governments and intergovernmental organisations may support business in taking responsibility

The mass media, press and television have always been central in the formation of corporate identity and the promotion of business image and reputation. This volume provides a new perspective into the interrelationships between media and organizations across three dimensions: Media as Business, Media in business and Business in the media.

Originally published in 1989. In New World Soundings, cultural historian Richard Morse takes a series of sharply focused looks at the Americas. He inquires into the ways in which speech and poetry evoke the common historical experience of North and South America and examines the transatlantic "sea changes" of European languages. He uses political ideology to contrast the traditions of Anglo and Latin America, while surveying contemporary pressures for ideological change. In the book's final sections, he addresses the North-South transaction from yet three more angles, ruminating on the problems involved in conveying the Latin American experience to U.S. students, considering the impediments to U.S.-Puerto Rican understanding, and recounting the mythic adventures of McLuhanaima, "the world's first Brazilianist," as he travels through the exotic land he has chosen for definitive research.

This volume, available for the first time in paperback, is a standard work on the physical aspects of acoustics. Starting from first principles, the authors have successfully produced a unified and thorough treatment of the subjects of generation, propagation, absorption, reflection, and scattering of compressional waves in fluids, progressing to such topics as moving sound sources, turbulence, and wave-induced vibration of structures. Material is included on viscous and thermal effects, on the acoustics of moving media, on plasma acoustics, on nonlinear effects, and on the interaction between light and sound. Problems, with answers in many cases, are given at the end of each chapter. They contain extensions to further applications, thus enhancing the reference value of the book. Many of the examples worked out in the text and in the problem solutions were not previously published. Anyone familiar with calculus and vector analysis should be able to understand the mathematical techniques used here.

Die Entwicklung der Ozeanographie ist dank der Fortschritte meeres kundlicher Messungen und der Bearbeitungsmethoden ozeanographi schen Beobachtungsmaterials bei jenem wichtigen Wendepunkt angelangt, bei dem von der mehr beschreibenden Betrachtungsweise zu einer stren geren Behandlung gesetzlicher Erscheinungen ubergegangen werden kann. Die Ozeanographie folgt in dieser fortschreitenden Entwicklung immer mehr ihrer Schwesterdisziplin, der Meteorologie, die diesen Ubergang bei der Behandlung einzelner Probleme schon in vielen Fallen erfolg reich durchgefUhrt hat. 1m vorliegenden Buche habe ich versucht, eine Zusammenstellung unserer Kenntnisse der Bewegungserscheinungen im Meere auf theoretisch-physikalischer Grundlage zu geben. Einige Lucken, die sich hierbei ergeben haben, habe ich versucht, auszufUllen. Die Anfiinge zu dieser Arbeit reichen schon in die Zeit zuruck, als ich an der Universitat Innsbruck im Verbande mit anderen geophysikalischen Themen auch tiber Physik des Meeres Vorlesungen hielt. Meine Berufung an das Institut und Museum fUr Meereskunde an der Universitat Berlin, und meine Teilnahme an den letzten Profilen der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Forschungsschiff "Meteor" gaben mir Gelegenheit, mich noch eingehender mit diesen Problem en der Ozeanographie zu be fassen. Letzten Endes waren es die Vortrage, die ich fUr die wissen schaftlichen Teilnehmer und fUr die Offiziere an Bord des "Meteor" hielt, die dazu fUhrten, die hydrodynamischen Grundlagen der ozeanischen Bewegungen durchzuarbeiten und ubersichtlich zusammenzustellen. Diese Vortrage gaben so den Grundstock zu dieser "Dynamischen Ozeanographie.""

Contributing Authors Include George P. Wadsworth, Bernard O. Koopman, Herbert P. Galliher And Others.

American Guide Series. Additional Contributors Are Harry L. Hopkins And Louis W. Cappelli.