This is the sixth volume of a ten-volume series on The Natural History of the Crustacea. The volume synthesizes in nineteen chapters our current understanding of diverse topics in crustacean reproductive biology. In the first part of this book, the chapters address allocation strategies to reproduction, gamete production, brooding behavior, and other components of parental care in crustaceans. The second part of the volume centers on sexual systems in crustaceans. The third section of the volume covers crustacean mating systems and sexual selection. Reproductive Biology ends with three chapters covering diverse topics including reproductive rhythms, crustacean personality research, and record breaking crustaceans with respect to reproductive characters.

This is the seventh volume of a ten-volume series on The Natural History of the Crustacea. Chapters in this volume synthesize our current understanding of early crustacean development from the egg through the embryonic and larval phase. The first part of this book focuses on the elemental aspects of crustacean embryonic development. The second part of the book provides an account of the larval phase of crustaceans and describes processes that influence the development from hatching to an adult-like juvenile. The third and final part of the book explores ecological interactions during the planktonic phase and how crustacean larvae manage to find food, navigate the dynamic water column, and avoid predators in a medium that offers few refuges.

Crustaceans are increasingly being used as model organisms in all fields of biology, including neurobiology, developmental biology, animal physiology, evolutionary ecology, biogeography, and resource management. Crustaceans have a very wide range of phenotypes and inhabit a diverse array of environments, ranging from the deep sea to high mountain lakes and even deserts. The evolution of their life histories has permitted crustaceans to successfully colonize this variety of habitats. Few other taxa exhibit such a variety of life histories and behavior. A comprehensive overview of their life histories is essential to the understanding of many aspects of their success in marine and terrestrial environments. This volume provides a general overview of crustacean life histories. Crustaceans have particular life history adaptations that have permitted them to conquer all environments on earth. Crustacean life cycles have evolved to maximize fecundity, growth, and ageing, in a wide range of environmental conditions. Individual contributions contrast benefits and costs of different life histories including sexual versus asexual production, semelparity versus iteroparity, and planktonic larvae versus direct development. Important aspects of particular behaviors are presented (e.g. migrations, defense and territorial behaviors, anti-predator behavior, symbiosis).

This is the ninth volume of ten in the The Natural History of the Crustacea Series. The chapters in this volume synthesize the diverse topics in fisheries and aquaculture. In the first part of the book, chapters explore worldwide crustacean fisheries. This section comes to a conclusion with two chapters on harvested crustaceans that are usually not within the focus of the mainstream fisheries research, possibly because they are caught by local fishing communities in small-scale operations and sold locally as subsistence activity. In the second part of the book, the authors explore the variety of cultured crustacean species, like shrimps, prawns, lobsters, and crabs. Chapters in the third part of the volume focus on important challenges and opportunities, including diseases and parasitism, the use of crustacean as bioindicators, and their role in biotechnology.

The crustaceans are ecologically and economically important organisms. They constitute one of the dominant invertebrate groups on earth, particularly within the aquatic realm. Crustaceans include some of the preferred scientific model organism, profitable aquaculture specimen, but also invasive nuisance species threatening native animal communities throughout the world. Chemoreception is the most important sensory modality of crustaceans, acquiring important information about their environment and picking up the chemical signals that mediate communication with conspecifics. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of crustacean chemical communication during the past decade. This includes knowledge about the identity, production, transfer, reception and behavioral function of chemical signals in selected crustacean groups. While it is well known that chemical communication is an integral part of the behavioral ecology of most living organisms, the intricate ways in which organisms allocate chemicals in communication remains enigmatic. How does the environment influence the evolution of chemical communication? What are the environmental cues that induce production or release of chemicals? How do individuals economize production and utilization of chemicals? What is the importance of molecule specificity or mix of a molecule cocktail in chemical communication? What is the role of chemical cues in multimodal communication? How does the ontogenetic stage, the sex or the physiological status of an individual affect its reaction to chemical cues? Many of these questions still represent important challenges to biologists.

The crustaceans are ecologically and economically important organisms. They constitute one of the dominant invertebrate groups on earth, particularly within the aquatic realm. Crustaceans include some of the preferred scientific model organism, profitable aquaculture specimen, but also invasive nuisance species threatening native animal communities throughout the world. Chemoreception is the most important sensory modality of crustaceans, acquiring important information about their environment and picking up the chemical signals that mediate communication with conspecifics. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of crustacean chemical communication during the past decade. This includes knowledge about the identity, production, transfer, reception and behavioral function of chemical signals in selected crustacean groups. While it is well known that chemical communication is an integral part of the behavioral ecology of most living organisms, the intricate ways in which organisms allocate chemicals in communication remains enigmatic. How does the environment influence the evolution of chemical communication? What are the environmental cues that induce production or release of chemicals? How do individuals economize production and utilization of chemicals? What is the importance of molecule specificity or mix of a molecule cocktail in chemical communication? What is the role of chemical cues in multimodal communication? How does the ontogenetic stage, the sex or the physiological status of an individual affect its reaction to chemical cues? Many of these questions still represent important challenges to biologists.

This is the eighth volume of a ten-volume series on The Natural History of the Crustacea. The volume examines Evolution and Biogeography, and the first part of this volume is entirely dedicated to the explanation of the origins and successful establishment of the Crustacea in the oceans. In the second part of the book, the biogeography of the Crustacea is explored in order to infer how they conquered different biomes globally while adapting to a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial conditions. The final section examines more general patterns and processes, and the chapters offer useful insight into the future of crustaceans.

Understanding of animal social and sexual evolution has seen a renaissance in recent years with discoveries of frequent infidelity in apparently monogamous species, the importance of sperm competition, active female mate choice, and eusocial behavior in animals outside the traditional social insect groups. Each of these findings has raised new questions, and suggested new answers, about the evolution of behavioral interactions among animals. This volume synthesizes recent research on the sexual and social biology of the Crustacea, one of the dominant invertebrate groups on earth. Its staggering diversity includes ecologically important inhabitants of nearly every environment from deep-sea trenches, through headwater streams, to desert soils. The wide range of crustacean phenotypes and environments is accompanied by a comparable diversity of behavioral and social systems, including the elaborate courtship and wildly exaggerated morphologies of fiddler crabs, the mysterious queuing behavior of migrating spiny lobsters, and even eusociality in coral-reef shrimps. This diversity makes crustaceans particularly valuable for exploring the comparative evolution of sexual and social systems. Despite exciting recent advances, however, general recognition of the value of Crustacea as models has lagged behind that of the better studied insects and vertebrates. This book synthesizes the state of the field in crustacean behavior and sociobiology and places it in a conceptually based, comparative framework that will be valuable to active researchers and students in animal behavior, ecology, and evolutionary biology. It brings together a group of internationally recognized and rising experts in fields related to crustacean behavioral ecology, ranging from physiology and functional morphology, through mating and social behavior, to ecology and phylogeny. Each chapter makes connections to other, non-crustacean taxa, and the volume closes with a summary section that synthesizes the contributions, discusses anthropogenic impacts, highlights unanswered questions, and provides a vision for profitable future research.

This second volume in the Natural History of the Crustacea series examines how crustaceans-the different body shapes and adaptations of which are described in volume 1-make a living in the wide range of environments they inhabit, and how they exploit food sources. The contributions in the volume give synthetic overviews of particular lifestyles and feeding mechanisms, and offer a fresh look at crustacean life styles through the technological tools that have been applied to recent crustacean research. These include SEM (scanning electron microscope) techniques, micro-optics, and long-term video recordings that have been used for a variety of behavioral studies. The audience will include not only crustacean biologists but evolutionary ecologists who want to understand the diversification of particular life styles, ecologists who follow the succession of communities, biogeochemists who estimate the role of crustaceans in geochemical fluxes, and biologists with a general interest in crustaceans.

Crustacean Nervous Systems and their Control of Behavior is the third volume of the series The Natural History of the Crustacea. This volume is on the functional organization of crustacean nervous systems, and how those nervous systems produce behavior. It complements other volumes on related topics of feeding biology, reproductive biology, endocrine systems, and behavioral ecology. There is a rich history of the study of the neurobiology of crustaceans, going back over 150 years. This has included studies on how their nervous systems allow them to perform behaviors that are adapted to their particular environments, as well as studying them as model organisms to understand basic biomedical principles about neural function, such as sensory transduction and processing, synaptic transmission and integration, neuromodulation, and learning and memory. The volume has three sections that build progressively on each other. The first section is on the basic organizational features of the crustacean nervous system and the principles upon which it is built. The second section is on sensory ecology - the organization of each sensory system and how it is used in intra- and interspecific interactions, within an ecological context. The third section uses case studies of how crustacean nervous systems are organized to perform complex behaviors and interactions, such as walking, escape, social interactions, and memory and learning. Taken together, the 20 chapters synthesize our modern understanding of the neural control of behavior in crustaceans, based on the most recent technologies in physiological recording, molecular biology, and computational science. This volume will be useful to students and researchers as a concise summary of current knowledge of crustacean neuroscience.

The Crustacea is one of the dominant invertebrate groups, displaying staggering diversity in form and function, and spanning the full spectrum of Earth's environments. Crustaceans are increasingly used as model organisms in all fields of biology, as few other taxa exhibit such a variety of body shapes and adaptations to particular habitats and environmental conditions. Physiological Regulation is the fourth volume in The Natural History of the Crustacea series, and the first book in over twenty-five years to provide an overview of the comparative physiology of crustaceans. An understanding of physiology is crucial to a comprehension of the biology of this fascinating invertebrate group. Written by a group of internationally recognized experts studying a wide range of crustacean taxa and topics, this volume synthesizes current research in a format that is accessible to a wide scientific audience.

Crustaceans are increasingly used as model organisms in all fields of biology, including neurobiology, developmental biology, animal physiology, evolutionary ecology, biogeography, and resource management. One reason for the increasing use of crustacean examples is the wide range of phenotypes found in this group and the diversity of environments they inhabit; few other taxa exhibit such a variety of body shapes and adaptations to particular habitats and environmental conditions. A good overview of their functional morphology is essential to understanding many aspects of their biology. This volume is the first in The Natural History of Crustacea series, a ten-volume series that will treat all aspects of crustacean biology, physiology, behavior, and evolution. The series updates and synthesizes a growing wealth of information on the natural history of this remarkable group. Functional Morphology and Diversity explores the functional morphology of crustaceans, which cover the main body parts and systems. The book brings together a group of internationally recognized-and up-and-coming-experts in fields related to systematics and morphology. Contributing authors study a range of crustacean taxa and topics, and thus the volume provides a compact overview of the great phenotypic diversity and their function found among crustaceans. The first broad treatment of Crustacea in decades, the book will be invaluable for researchers and students in this and related fields.

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Film Science, printed single-sided, grade: 1,3, University of Potsdam, course: Film + Philosophy = Filmosophy, language: English, abstract: Because the times in film production change, a change in reception is also necessary. In Frampton's theory, film is no longer a photographic reproduction of a past performance. This is not simply be-cause nowadays there are countless assumed realistic film images which were never shot as they are presented later. Frampton concedes that film uses material of the real world but finally - and hence his theory is one of reception - this material becomes its own world with its own processes and even its own thoughts. To draw a consistent picture of his theory he developed a kind of unique language to speak about film.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2009 im Fachbereich Medien / Kommunikation - Forschung und Studien, Note: 1,7, Universitat Potsdam, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Es gibt nicht viele Symbole oder Sinnbilder die uber Jahrhunderte eine Vielzahl von Kulturraumen umspannen und in ihnen nachhaltig grosse Bekanntheit erzielen. Das Symbol der Drei Affen zahlt zweifelsfrei hinzu. Im abendlandischen Raum werden die Affen, die sich mit den eigenen Handen jeweils Augen, Ohren und Mund verschliessen, als Sinnbild fur mangelnde Zivilcourage, das buchstabliche Wegschauen, aufgefasst. Und obwohl vom Trodelmarkt bis zum Antiquariat allerorts die Figuren aus verschiedenem Material, in verschiedener Qualitat und zu verschiedenen Preisen angeboten werden, gibt es nur wenige Publikationen die sich mit den Drei Affen und ihrem wahrhaftigen Ursprung beschaftigen. Aus einigen wenigen Sammlerforen, die trotz grosstem Eifer die Unzahl der mehr oder weniger kunstlerischen Umsetzungen kaum zu fassen vermogen, kann man fragmentarisch eine lange und komplexe Herkunftsgeschichte der Drei Affen erkennen, die ihren Ursprung im Orient find

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2009 im Fachbereich Medien / Kommunikation - Forschung und Studien, Note: 1,3, Universitat Potsdam, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Von alters her wurde der Sinn des Sehens in der westlich-christlichen Welt als hochster der menschlichen Sinne angesehen. Einige der bedeutendsten Theoretiker des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, darunter Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Goethe und Jacob Grimm, verfassten Schriften, die das Auge als edelsten Sinn' beschrieben. Alle dem Menschen zur Verfugung stehenden Sinne arbeiten im Einklang miteinander und bilden fur seinen Trager die Grenze zwischen der Innen- und Aussenwelt. Das Auge jedoch, glaubt man Christoph Wulf, steht dieser sinnlichen Gesamtheit stets zu oberst und dominiert die korperliche Empfindung und somit wohl implizit die menschliche Existenz. Die Grunde hierfur sind vielfaltig, doch ganz zuforderst sollten zwei Aspekte genannt werde: Zum einen vermag es das Auge, so prazise wie nicht einmal der zweite Fernsinn das Ohr, eine Fernnahe' herzustellen und Blickobjekte zu vereinnahmen ohne ihnen leibhaftig nahe zu sein - ein Phanomen was gerade im Medienzeitalter eine vollig neue Tragweite bekommt. Zum zweiten kann das Auge eine Gestalt raumzeitlich fassen. Dies erklart sich in Goethes Konzept des anschauenden Denkens, welches dem im Auge bedingten Kontrollanspruch entgegensteht und von einem Spiel und Gegenspiel von Kraften und Beziehungen ausgeht. Das heisst erstmals werden Blickobjekte nicht als Tauschung, sondern als wahre' Wahrnehmung aufgefasst, der es moglich ist, im Anblick - der als Denkvorgang uber das Visuelle verstanden wird - ein Objekt zu begreifen. Hierbei steht das Auge in einer gleichberechtigten Wechselbeziehung zum betrachteten Objekt. Auge und das Licht der Welt kommen durch ihre gemeinsame Interaktion erst zur Existenz. .

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2007 im Fachbereich Germanistik - Neuere Deutsche Literatur, Note: 1,3, Universitat Bayreuth, Veranstaltung: Akte, Pakte, Lust und Einfuhlung - Theorien des Lesens, 22 Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Deutsch, Anmerkungen: Die Arbeit beschaftigt sich mit dem Lesevorgang bzw. dem Leseprozess als solches. Nach der Herleitung, wie selbiger funktioniert, erfolgt ein Blick in den Leser und letztlich die Uberleitung zur Fragestellung, inwieweit hieraus eine tatsachliche, handlungsrelevante Beeinflussung erfolgen kann. Dem zugrunde liegen zahlreiche Literaturtheorien von Iser, Kant, Sartre, Ric ur, Grossmann, uvm., Abstract: Ich werde zur Masse', wenn ich auf das Recht verzichte, meine Worte selbst zu den-ken und zu formulieren - in meiner eigenen Sprache - und automatisch und kritiklos Formulierungen und Worte ubernehme, die andere mir diktieren. Und ich werde zur Masse', wenn ich aufhore, mir die moralischen Grundsatze ins Gedachtnis zu rufen, fur die ich mich entschieden habe." Diese Worte sind ein Auszug aus der Rede des israelischen Schriftstellers David Grossmann, mit welcher er das diesjahrige internationale Literaturfestival in Berlin am 04. September er-offnete. Sorgenvoll bringt er hierin seine gegenwartigen Eindrucke der von Massenmedien dominierten Gesellschaft in Zusammenhang mit jener Konformistengesellschaft des dritten Reichs, welche durch Massenmedien und Manipulation ihrer individuellen Verantwortung ihres Handelns entledigt wurde. Wie der Titel seiner Rede Das gute Buch macht den Leser einzigartig" unschwer erkennen lasst, sieht Grossmann die Moglichkeit dieser Entmenschli-chung' entgegenzustreben im Leseprozess eines guten Buchs'. Hierbei namlich ist dem Leser die Moglichkeit geboten, einzigartig und individuell fur sich, mithilfe des Buchs, Seelenin-halte' zu ergrunden und zu entdecken, welche ihn der Menge entheben und ein Stuck Mun-digkeit zuruckgeben konnen. Folgender Arbeit zur Untersuchung der ges