First published in 1982. Between 1955 and 1980 the number of pupils in special needs schools in Britain increased tenfold. Between 1970 and 1977 the number of units for 'difficult' pupils also increased tenfold and went on increasing. Some observers saw this as a welcome advance in special education, others as an extension of discrimination. The authors of this study highlight the dangers of such a provision being used as a form of social control, which may be imposed on children whose only failure is an inability to fit into the stereotype of the ideal student.

First published in 1982. Between 1955 and 1980 the number of pupils in special needs schools in Britain increased tenfold. Between 1970 and 1977 the number of units for 'difficult' pupils also increased tenfold and went on increasing. Some observers saw this as a welcome advance in special education, others as an extension of discrimination. The authors of this study highlight the dangers of such a provision being used as a form of social control, which may be imposed on children whose only failure is an inability to fit into the stereotype of the ideal student.

This book provides information on best practices and new thinking regarding the validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing. It covers the validation of experimental and computational methods and integrated approaches to testing and assessment. Validation strategies are discussed for methods employing the latest technologies such as tissue-on-a-chip systems, stem cells and transcriptomics, and for methods derived from pathway-based concepts in toxicology. Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing is divided into two sections, in the first, practical insights are given on the state-of-the-art and on approaches that have resulted in successfully validated and accepted alternative methods. The second section focuses on the evolution of validation principles and practice that are necessary to ensure fit-for-purpose validation that has the greatest impact on international regulatory acceptance of alternative methods. In this context validation needs to keep pace with the considerable scientific advancements being made in toxicology, the availability of sophisticated tools and techniques that can be applied in a variety of ways, and the increasing societal and regulatory demands for better safety assessment. This book will be a useful resource for scientists in the field of toxicology, both from industry and academia, developing new test methods, strategies or techniques, as well as Governmental and regulatory authorities interested in understanding the principles and practicalities of validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing.

This book provides information on best practices and new thinking regarding the validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing. It covers the validation of experimental and computational methods and integrated approaches to testing and assessment. Validation strategies are discussed for methods employing the latest technologies such as tissue-on-a-chip systems, stem cells and transcriptomics, and for methods derived from pathway-based concepts in toxicology. Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing is divided into two sections, in the first, practical insights are given on the state-of-the-art and on approaches that have resulted in successfully validated and accepted alternative methods. The second section focuses on the evolution of validation principles and practice that are necessary to ensure fit-for-purpose validation that has the greatest impact on international regulatory acceptance of alternative methods. In this context validation needs to keep pace with the considerable scientific advancements being made in toxicology, the availability of sophisticated tools and techniques that can be applied in a variety of ways, and the increasing societal and regulatory demands for better safety assessment. This book will be a useful resource for scientists in the field of toxicology, both from industry and academia, developing new test methods, strategies or techniques, as well as Governmental and regulatory authorities interested in understanding the principles and practicalities of validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing.

William Hazlitt ? essayist, critic, associate of Coleridge and Wordsworth ? died in Soho lodging house in 1830 at the age of 52. His final words ? ?Well, I?ve had a happy life? ? astonished his listeners, for pain and suffering had been his frequent companions. In this book Maurice Whelan imaginatively takes hold of his subject and places him firmly at the beginning of the 21st century, approaching Hazlitt from a fresh point of view. Hazlitt was not only a great investigator of the inner world and precursor to Freud; he also went beyond the founder of psychoanalysis in anticipating modern psychological developments. Whelan argues strongly that Hazlitt should be taken seriously as a thinker and writer of extraordinary relevance in our present world ? a true spirit of our age.

The papers on psychoanalytic technique by Ella Sharpe (1875 -1947) are reprinted. There are five original clinical essays by Eric Rayner, Victor Sedlak. Frances Thompson-Salo, Michael Brearley and David W. Riley. Her interest in psychoanalysis developed from her love of literature. Maurice Whelan provides an introduction to this gifted writer.