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Nanomedicine is a developing field, which includes different
disciplines such as material science, chemistry, engineering and
medicine devoted to the design, synthesis and construction of
high-tech nanostructures. The ability of these structures to have
their chemical and physical properties tuned by structural
modification, has allowed their use in drug delivery systems, gene
therapy delivery, and various types of theranostic approaches.
Colloidal noble metal nanoparticles and other nanostructures have
many therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The concept of drug
targeting as a magic bullet has led to much research in chemical
modification to design and optimize the binding to targeted
receptors. It is important to understand the precise relationship
between the drug and the carrier and its ability to target specific
tissues, and pathogens to make an efficient drug delivery system.
This book covers advances based on different drug delivery systems:
polymeric and hyper branched nanomaterials, carbon-based
nanomaterials, nature-inspired nanomaterials, and pathogen-based
carriers.
The concept of smart drug delivery vehicles involves designing and
preparing a nanostructure (or microstructure) that can be loaded
with a cargo, this can be a therapeutic drug, a contrast agent for
imaging, or a nucleic acid for gene therapy. The nanocarrier serves
to protect the cargo from degradation by enzymes in the body, to
enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, to extend the
circulation half-life, and to enhance its penetration and
accumulation at the target site. Importantly, smart nanocarriers
can be designed to be responsive to a specific stimulus, so that
the cargo is only released or activated when desired. In this
volume we cover smart nanocarriers that respond to externally
applied stimuli that usually involve application of physical
energy. This physical energy can be applied from outside the body
and can either cause cargo release, or can activate the
nanostructure to be cytotoxic, or both. The stimuli covered include
light of various wavelengths (ultraviolet, visible or infrared),
temperature (increased or decreased), magnetic fields (used to
externally manipulate nanostructures and to activate them),
ultrasound, and electrical and mechanical forces. Finally we
discuss the issue of nanotoxicology and the future scope of the
field.
This book provides a general introduction to nanogels, and designs
of various stimuli-sensitive nanogels that are able to control drug
release in response to specific stimuli. Nanogels are
three-dimensional nanosized networks that formed by physically or
chemically crosslinking polymers. They have highly interesting
properties such as biocompatibility, high stability, particle size
adjustment, drug loading capability and modification of the surface
for active targeting. They can respond to stimuli which results in
the controlled release of drug and targeting of the site.
The concept of smart drug delivery vehicles involves designing and
preparing a nanostructure (or microstructure) that can be loaded
with a cargo. This can be a therapeutic drug, a contrast agent for
imaging, or a nucleic acid for gene therapy. The nanocarrier serves
to protect the cargo from degradation by enzymes in the body, to
enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, to extend the
circulation half-life, and to enhance its penetration and
accumulation at the target site. Importantly, smart nanocarriers
can be designed to be responsive to a specific stimulus, so that
the cargo is only released or activated when desired. In this
volume we cover smart nanocarriers that respond to internal stimuli
that are intrinsic to the target site. These stimuli are specific
to the cell type, tissue or organ type, or to the disease state
(cancer, infection, inflammation etc). pH-responsive nanostructures
can be used for cargo release in acidic endosomal compartments, in
the lower pH of tumors, and for specific oral delivery either to
the stomach or intestine. Nanocarriers can be designed to be
substrates of a wide-range of enzymes that are over-expressed at
disease sites. Oxidation and reduction reactions can be taken
advantage of in smart nanocarriers by judicious molecular design.
Likewise, nanocarriers can be designed to respond to a range of
specific biomolecules that may occur at the target site. In this
volume we also cover dual and multi-responsive systems that combine
stimuli that could be either internal or external.
This book focuses on skin photoaging, the premature aging of skin
due to environmental effects such as exposure to UV (UVA, UVB)
radiation from the sun.
This collection explores state-of-the-art methods and protocols for
research on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its use in a wide range
of medical applications, from antiviral to anticancer. Beginning
with an extensive section on in vitro and in vivo models, the
volume continues with chapters on oxygen-independent
photosensitizers, next-generation photosensitization strategies,
contemporary insights into the immunomodulatory effects of PDT,
antimicrobial effects of PDT, as well as a variety of general
biochemical and molecular biological techniques. Written for the
highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters
include the kind of detailed implementation advice that ensures
successful results in the lab. Thorough and authoritative,
Photodynamic Therapy: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal
source of inspiration for both new and established PDT scientists
and a guide for designing innovative research programs in this
continuously advancing and multidisciplinary field.
The ability to arrange precisely designed patterns of nanoparticles
into a desired spatial configuration is the key to creating novel
nanoscale devices that take advantage of the unique properties of
nanomaterials. While two-dimensional arrays of nanoparticles have
been demonstrated successfully by various techniques, a controlled
way of building ordered arrays of three-dimensional (3D)
nanoparticle structures remains challenging. This book describes a
new technique called the 'nanoscopic lens' which is able to produce
a variety of 3D nano-structures in a controlled manner. This ebook
describes the nanoscopic lens technique and how it can serve as the
foundation for device development that is not limited to a variety
of optical, magnetic and electronic devices, but can also create a
wide range of bio-nanoelectronic devices.
Janus, the ancient Roman god depicted with two faces is an
appropriate metaphor for light therapy. In the right photodynamic
therapy conditions, light is able to kill nearly anything that is
living such as cancers, microorganisms, parasites, and more. On the
opposite face, light of the correct wavelength and proper dose
(photobiomodulation) can heal, regenerate, protect, revitalize and
restore any kind of dead, damaged, stressed, dying, degenerating
cells, tissue, or organ system. This book discusses both sides of
Janus' face in regards to light therapy.
This book provides detailed and current information on using
fullerenes (bucky-balls) in photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the
most actively studied applications of photonic science in
healthcare. This will serve as a useful source for researchers
working in photomedicine and nanomedicine, especially those who are
investigating PDT for cancer treatment and infectious disease
treatment. The book runs the gamut from an introduction to the
history and chemistry of fullerenes and some basic photochemistry,
to the application of fullerenes as photosensitizers for cancer and
antimicrobial inactivation.
Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) also known as photobiomodulation is
almost 50 years old, and recently has been getting increasing
acceptance from the scientific, medical, and veterinary
communities. Discoveries are constantly being made about the
cellular and molecular mechanisms of action, the range of diseases
that can be treated is also rising, and home use LED devices are
becoming common. This book compiles cutting-edge contributions from
the world's leading experts in Photobiomodulation and LLLT.
Chapters cover general concepts, mechanisms of action, in vitro
studies, pre-clinical animal studies, veterinary applications and a
wide range of clinical topics. Edited by Michael Hamblin from
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, aided by
two prominent researchers (Marcelo Sousa and Tanupriya Agrawal),
this book will appeal to anyone involved in the basic science,
translational aspects and clinical applications of LLLT.
This book covers the broad field of cellular, molecular,
preclinical, and clinical imaging either associated with or
combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT). It showcases how this
approach is used clinically for cancer, infections, and diseases
characterized by unwanted tissue such as atherosclerosis or
blindness. Because the photosensitizers are also fluorescent, the
book also addresses various imaging systems such as confocal
microscopy and small animal imaging systems, and highlights how
they have been used to follow and optimize treatment, and to answer
important mechanistic questions. Chapters also discuss how imaging
has made important contributions to clinical outcomes in skin,
bladder, and brain cancers, as well as in the development of
theranostic agents for detection and treatment of disease. This
book provides a resource for physicians and research scientists in
cell biology, microscopy, optics, molecular imaging, oncology, and
drug discovery.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over one hundred years
ago after observing the death of microorganisms upon exposure to
dyes and light. It is the combination of non-toxic dyes and
harmless visible light that, in the presence of oxygen, produce
highly toxic reactive species. The principal medical application
during the last century was in cancer therapy but, in these days of
rising antibiotic resistance, PDT shows increasing promise as an
alternative approach to treating infections. PDT has also been used
in blood product sterilization, peridontology, acne reduction, and
the treatment of viral lesions such as those caused by human
papilloma virus. It may also have potential as an environmentally
friendly pesticide. This is the first and only book to
comprehensively cover the use of light and photosensitising agents
for controlling microbial pathogens. It provides a comprehensive
and up-to-date coverage of an emerging field. There are several
chapters on the design of antimicrobial photosensitizers, their use
to kill pathogenic organisms and their success in treating
infections in animal models. It has long been known that
gram-positive bacteria are highly susceptible to photoinactivation
but the book also discusses means of widening the range of
microorganisms that can be tackled by PDT. Edited by two pioneers
in the application of PDT to medical and environmental issues, this
book covers the basic science, translational research in animals,
and the clinical applications in various medical specialities. It
represents an indispensable resource for microbiologists and
infectious disease doctors as well as dentists, dermatologists,
gastroenterologists and transfusion specialists.
Providing the most comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of this
exciting biomedical field, Handbook of Photomedicine gathers
together a large team of international experts to give you a
complete account of the application of light in healthcare and
medical science. The book progresses logically from the history and
fundamentals of photomedicine to diverse therapeutic applications
of light, known collectively as phototherapies. It facilitates your
understanding of human diseases caused by light, the rationale for
photoprotection, and major applications of phototherapy in clinical
practice. The handbook begins with a series of historical vignettes
of pioneers from the last two centuries. It also presents the
fundamentals of physics and biology as applied to photomedicine. It
next examines conditions and diseases caused by light, including
skin cancer, dermatoses, and immunosuppression. The remainder of
the book focuses on the most important clinical therapeutic
applications of different kinds of light that vary in both
wavelength and intensity. The book discusses ultraviolet
phototherapy for skin diseases and infections and presents the
basic science of photodynamic therapy and its use in cancer therapy
and other medical specialties. It then covers mechanistic studies
and clinical applications of low-level laser (light) therapy as
well as the use of high power or surgical laser therapy in
specialties, such as dentistry and dermatology. The book concludes
with a collection of miscellaneous types of phototherapy.
This collection explores state-of-the-art methods and protocols for
research on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its use in a wide range
of medical applications, from antiviral to anticancer. Beginning
with an extensive section on in vitro and in vivo models, the
volume continues with chapters on oxygen-independent
photosensitizers, next-generation photosensitization strategies,
contemporary insights into the immunomodulatory effects of PDT,
antimicrobial effects of PDT, as well as a variety of general
biochemical and molecular biological techniques. Written for the
highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters
include the kind of detailed implementation advice that ensures
successful results in the lab. Thorough and authoritative,
Photodynamic Therapy: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal
source of inspiration for both new and established PDT scientists
and a guide for designing innovative research programs in this
continuously advancing and multidisciplinary field.
Organic Nanomaterials for Cancer Phototheranostics highlights the
use of biocompatible building blocks to make nanomaterials that can
aid in medical treatment through better diagnostic and antitumor
efficacy. It synthesizes the current literature on synthetic
strategies and designs based on peptides, proteins, polymers,
lipids, and their conjugates, as well as composites and complexes
with metals and inorganic components used to form the
nanomaterials. Mechanistic approaches, clinical problems, and
therapeutic and diagnostics mechanisms are covered in each chapter.
Cellular interactions and uptake, pharmacokinetics,
biodistribution, drug delivery efficiency, and safety concerns of
these types of nanomaterials are discussed, as well. Other topics
looked at include photostability, clearance, metabolism, in-vitro
and in-vivo mechanisms, therapeutic efficacy, imaging, and
toxicology.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) are powerful
tools that create predictive models, extract information, and help
make complex decisions. They do this by examining an enormous
quantity of labeled training data to find patterns too complex for
human observation. However, in many real-world applications,
well-labeled data can be difficult, expensive, or even impossible
to obtain. In some cases, such as when identifying rare objects
like new archeological sites or secret enemy military facilities in
satellite images, acquiring labels could require months of trained
human observers at incredible expense. Other times, as when
attempting to predict disease infection during a pandemic such as
COVID-19, reliable true labels may be nearly impossible to obtain
early on due to lack of testing equipment or other factors. In that
scenario, identifying even a small amount of truly negative data
may be impossible due to the high false negative rate of available
tests. In such problems, it is possible to label a small subset of
data as belonging to the class of interest though it is impractical
to manually label all data not of interest. We are left with a
small set of positive labeled data and a large set of unknown and
unlabeled data. Readers will explore this Positive and Unlabeled
learning (PU learning) problem in depth. The book rigorously
defines the PU learning problem, discusses several common
assumptions that are frequently made about the problem and their
implications, and considers how to evaluate solutions for this
problem before describing several of the most popular algorithms to
solve this problem. It explores several uses for PU learning
including applications in biological/medical, business, security,
and signal processing. This book also provides high-level summaries
of several related learning problems such as one-class
classification, anomaly detection, and noisy learning and their
relation to PU learning.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a member of the family of non-coding RNA
molecules, and consist of small conserved sequences between 19-25
nucleotides in length that are responsible for regulating many
cellular functions by affecting a wide range of messenger RNAs in a
sequence specific manner. Fundamental biological processes like
cell proliferation and growth, stress resistance, tumorigenesis,
fat metabolism, and neural development have all been shown to be
governed by miRNAs. miRNAs carry out the post-transcriptional
silencing of gene expression via targeting the 30-untranslated
region (UTR) of the complementary mRNA sequence. The dysregulation
of the expression levels of various miRNAs is typical of tumor
cells, and has been associated with tumor progression and poor
prognosis. Many miRNAs are up-regulated in cancer, where they can
silence tumor suppressor genes such as apoptosis and immune
response associated genes. Therefore, it is possible to profile the
expression levels of miRNAs as biomarkers, in order to diagnose
cancer and noncancerous diseases. Moreover, cancer detection in the
early stages is crucial in clinical situations. Characterization of
miRNAs in serum, plasma, and other bodily fluids, and understanding
their stability against RNase degradation, is important to assess
their suitability as biomarkers and diagnostic tools. Exosomes play
an important role in inter-cellular communications, and these
nanosized particles have various functions in diverse physiological
pathways, in normal as well as abnormal cells. Exosomes can carry
diverse cargos such as mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins that transfer
information between donor and recipient cells. Furthermore, uptake
of exosomes and their cargos may promote or suppress various
molecular and cellular pathways, which alter the cellular behavior.
Many reports have discussed the role of exosomes released from
cancer cells on the progression of cancer at various stages.
Exosomes and their cargos may affect the growth of the tumor,
metastasis, drug resistance, immune system function, as well as
angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes have been explored as diagnostic
biomarkers in many cancers. Moreover, exosomes can be used as
biological vehicles to deliver different drugs and agents like
doxorubicin (DOX), miRNAs, and siRNAs. The present book covers the
role of exosomes and micro-RNAs in the pathogenesis and treatment
of various diseases.
Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices introduces the
subject of microfluidics and covers the basic principles of design
and synthesis of actual microchannels. The book then explores how
the devices are coupled to signal read-outs and calibrated,
including applications of microfluidics in areas such as tissue
engineering, organ-on-a-chip devices, pathogen identification, and
drug/gene delivery. This book covers high-impact fields
(microarrays, organ-on-a-chip, pathogen detection, cancer research,
drug delivery systems, gene delivery, and tissue engineering) and
shows how microfluidics is playing a key role in these areas, which
are big drivers in biomedical engineering research. This book
addresses the fundamental concepts and fabrication methods of
microfluidic systems for those who want to start working in the
area or who want to learn about the latest advances being made. The
subjects covered are also an asset to companies working in this
field that need to understand the current state-of-the-art. The
book is ideal for courses on microfluidics, biosensors, drug
targeting, and BioMEMs, and as a reference for PhD students. The
book covers the emerging and most promising areas of biomedical
applications of microfluidic devices in a single place and offers a
vision of the future.
Imaging in Dermatology covers a large number of topics in
dermatological imaging, the use of lasers in dermatology studies,
and the implications of using these technologies in research.
Written by the experts working in these exciting fields, the book
explicitly addresses not only current applications of
nanotechnology, but also discusses future trends of these
ever-growing and rapidly changing fields, providing clinicians and
researchers with a clear understanding of the advantages and
challenges of laser and imaging technologies in skin medicine
today, along with the cellular and molecular effects of these
technologies.
This book covers the broad field of cellular, molecular,
preclinical, and clinical imaging either associated with or
combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT). It showcases how this
approach is used clinically for cancer, infections, and diseases
characterized by unwanted tissue such as atherosclerosis or
blindness. Because the photosensitizers are also fluorescent, the
book also addresses various imaging systems such as confocal
microscopy and small animal imaging systems, and highlights how
they have been used to follow and optimize treatment, and to answer
important mechanistic questions. Chapters also discuss how imaging
has made important contributions to clinical outcomes in skin,
bladder, and brain cancers, as well as in the development of
theranostic agents for detection and treatment of disease. This
book provides a resource for physicians and research scientists in
cell biology, microscopy, optics, molecular imaging, oncology, and
drug discovery.
Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in
Neurology and Neuroscience presents the fundamentals of
photobiomodulation and the diversity of applications in which light
can be implemented in the brain. It will serve as a reference for
future research in the area, providing the basic foundations
readers need to understand photobiomodulation's science-based
evidence, practical applications and related adaptations to
specific therapeutic interventions. The book covers the mechanisms
of action of photobiomodulation to the brain, and includes chapters
describing the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have
been undertaken for diverse brain disorders, including traumatic
events, degenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.
Nanoscience in Dermatology covers one of the two fastest growing
areas within dermatological science, nanoscience and nanotechnology
in dermatology. Recently, great progress has been made in the
research and development of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials
related to various applications in medicine and, in general, the
life sciences. There is increasing enthusiasm for nanotechnology
applications in dermatology (drug delivery, diagnostics,
therapeutics, imaging, sensors, etc.) for understanding skin
biology, improving early detection and treatment of skin diseases,
and in the design and optimization of cosmetics. Light sensitive
nanoparticles have recently been explored, opening a new era for
the combined applications of light with nanotechnology, also called
photonanodermatology. However, concerns have been raised regarding
the adverse effects of intentional and unintentional nanoparticle
exposure and their toxicity. Written by experts working in these
exciting fields, this book extensively covers nanotechnology
applications, together with the fundamentals and toxicity aspects.
It not only addresses current applications of nanotechnology, but
also discusses future trends of these ever-growing and rapidly
changing fields, providing scientists and dermatologists with a
clear understanding of the advantages and challenges of
nanotechnology in skin medicine.
This book provides a general introduction to nanogels, and designs
of various stimuli-sensitive nanogels that are able to control drug
release in response to specific stimuli. Nanogels are
three-dimensional nanosized networks that formed by physically or
chemically crosslinking polymers. They have highly interesting
properties such as biocompatibility, high stability, particle size
adjustment, drug loading capability and modification of the surface
for active targeting. They can respond to stimuli which results in
the controlled release of drug and targeting of the site.
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