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Cognitive Intelligence with Neutrosophic Statistics in
Bioinformatics investigates and presents the many applications that
have arisen in the last ten years using neutrosophic statistics in
bioinformatics, medicine, agriculture and cognitive science. This
book will be very useful to the scientific community, appealing to
audiences interested in fuzzy, vague concepts from which uncertain
data are collected, including academic researchers, practicing
engineers and graduate students. Neutrosophic statistics is a
generalization of classical statistics. In classical statistics,
the data is known, formed by crisp numbers. In comparison, data in
neutrosophic statistics has some indeterminacy. This data may be
ambiguous, vague, imprecise, incomplete, and even unknown.
Neutrosophic statistics refers to a set of data, such that the data
or a part of it are indeterminate in some degree, and to methods
used to analyze the data.
This book focuses on early germination, one of maize germplasm most
important strategies for adapting to drought-induced stress. Some
genotypes have the ability to adapt by either reducing water losses
or by increasing water uptake. Drought tolerance is also an
adaptive strategy that enables crop plants to maintain their normal
physiological processes and deliver higher economical yield despite
drought stress. Several processes are involved in conferring
drought tolerance in maize: the accumulation of osmolytes or
antioxidants, plant growth regulators, stress proteins and water
channel proteins, transcription factors and signal transduction
pathways. Drought is one of the most detrimental forms of abiotic
stress around the world and seriously limits the productivity of
agricultural crops. Maize, one of the leading cereal crops in the
world, is sensitive to drought stress. Maize harvests are affected
by drought stress at different growth stages in different regions.
Numerous events in the life of maize crops can be affected by
drought stress: germination potential, seedling growth, seedling
stand establishment, overall growth and development, pollen and
silk development, anthesis silking interval, pollination, and
embryo, endosperm and kernel development. Though every maize
genotype has the ability to avoid or withstand drought stress,
there is a concrete need to improve the level of adaptability to
drought stress to address the global issue of food security. The
most common biological strategies for improving drought stress
resistance include screening available maize germplasm for drought
tolerance, conventional breeding strategies, and marker-assisted
and genomic-assisted breeding and development of transgenic maize.
As a comprehensive understanding of the effects of drought stress,
adaptive strategies and potential breeding tools is the
prerequisite for any sound breeding plan, this brief addresses
these aspects.
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Communication Technologies, Information Security and Sustainable Development - Third International Multi-topic Conference, IMTIC 2013, Jamshoro, Pakistan, December 18--20, 2013, Revised Selected Papers (Paperback, 2014 ed.)
Faisal Karim Shaikh, Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry, Sherali Zeadally, Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain, Aftab Ahmed Memon, …
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R2,492
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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the
Third International Multi-topic Conference on Communications,
Technologies, Information Security and Sustainable Development,
IMTIC 2013, held in Jamshoro, Pakistan, in December 2013. The 27
revised papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and
selected from 140 submissions. The topics presented had a
reasonable balance between theory and practice in multi-disciplined
topics including wireless sensor networks, cloud computing,
wireless communication, antenna design, signal processing, software
engineering, image processing, bioinformatics and telemedicine,
neural networks, automation and control, and green renewable
energy.
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Wireless Sensor Networks for Developing Countries - First International Conference, WSN4DC 2013, Jamshoro, Pakistan, April 24-26, 2013, Revised Selected Papers (Paperback, 2013 ed.)
Faisal Karim Shaikh, Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry, Habib M. Ammari, Muhammad Aslam Uqaili, Assadullah Shah
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R1,507
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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First
International Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks for Developing
Countries, WSN4DC 2013, held in Jamshoro, Pakistan, in April 2013.
The 10 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and
selected from 30 submissions. The papers are organized in topical
sections on WSN applications/services for developing countries;
mobile WSN; underwater WSN; VANETS; body area networks; energy
harvesting in WSN; WSN and cloud integration; WSN and IoT; QoS and
Qot; WSN MAC, network and transport protocols; cross layer
approaches; security aspects in WSN; WSN applications in smart grid
and energy management; WSN in structural health monitoring.
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Emerging Trends and Applications in Information Communication Technologies - Second International Multi Topic Conference, IMTIC 2012, Jamshoro, Pakistan, March 28-30, 2012. Proceedings (Paperback, 2012)
Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry, Faisal Karim Shaikh, Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain, Muhammad Aslam Uqaili
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R1,642
Discovery Miles 16 420
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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second
International Multi-topic Conference, IMTIC 2012, held in Jamshoro,
Pakistan, in March 2012. The 51 revised full papers presented were
carefully reviewed and selected from 205 submissions. The papers
address topics from information communication technologies.
This book is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to R
programming for data analysis, manipulation and presentation. It
covers fundamental data structures such as vectors, matrices,
arrays and lists, along with techniques for exploratory data
analysis, data transformation and manipulation. The book explains
basic statistical concepts and demonstrates their implementation
using R, including descriptive statistics, graphical representation
of data, probability, popular probability distributions and
hypothesis testing. It also explores linear and non-linear
modeling, model selection and diagnostic tools in R. The book also
covers flow control and conditional calculations by
using ‘‘if’’ conditions and loops and discusses
useful functions and resources for further learning. It provides an
extensive list of functions grouped according to statistics
classification, which can be helpful for both statisticians and R
programmers. The use of different graphic devices, high-level and
low-level graphical functions and adjustment of parameters are also
explained. Throughout the book, R commands, functions and objects
are printed in a different font for easy identification. Common
errors, warnings and mistakes in R are also discussed and
classified with explanations on how to prevent them.
This book introduces a number of new sampling plans, such as time
truncated life tests, skip sampling plans, resubmitted plans, mixed
sampling plans, sampling plans based on the process capability
index and plans for big data, which can be used for testing and
inspecting products, from the raw-materials stage to the final
product, in every industry using statistical process control
techniques. It also presents the statistical theory, methodology
and applications of acceptance sampling from truncated life tests.
Further, it discusses the latest reliability, quality and risk
analysis methods based on acceptance sampling from truncated life,
which engineering and statisticians require in order to make
decisions, and which are also useful for researchers in the areas
of quality control, lifetime analysis, censored data analysis,
goodness-of-fit and statistical software applications. In its nine
chapters, the book addresses a wide range of testing/inspection
sampling schemes for discrete and continuous data collected in
various production processes. It includes a chapter on sampling
plans for big data and offers several illustrative examples of the
procedures presented. Requiring a basic knowledge of probability
distributions, inference and estimation, and lifetime and quality
analysis, it is a valuable resource for graduate and senior
undergraduate engineering students, and practicing engineers, more
specifically it is useful for quality engineers, reliability
engineers, consultants, black belts, master black belts, students
and researchers interested in applying reliability and risk and
quality methods.
Stresses create barriers in normal growth and developmental
processes of plants. Plant life cycle is distorted variably
depending upon severity of stress, type of stress and growth stage
of plant. Among stresses drought is most severe regarding adverse
effects to the agricultural crop productivity at Global level.
Among cereals, maize is very important cereal due to multiple
utilization for versatile purposes. Drought also affects the maize
as it does with other crops so, there is dire need to recognize the
effects of drought on maize in detail. This book is typically
focusing on interference by drought in maize life cycle.
Determination of possible effects on a plant enables the researcher
to explore the resources to ameliorate the adverse effects of
stress. Furthermore, recognition of plant traits to exploit in
breeding, selection and screening of germplasm is also very
critical stage in-order to identify suitable traits. This book also
include the traits to be used as selection criteria for improvement
against drought stress in maize.
Wielandt subgroup of a group G is defined to be the intersection of
all subnormal subgroups of G. This subgroup was introduced in 1958
by H. Wielandt. GAP provides a programming language and a library
of thousands of functions written in GAP language to implement the
algorithms on Group Theory. Since 1992, many user contributed
programs called Packages have been distributed by GAP. This book is
also an effort to contribute to Computational Group Theory as GAP
Package. These algorithms helps to compute the various Wielandt
subgroups and series of a finite group G, like Wielandt,
Generalized Wieladnt, Strong Wielandt, pWielandt, and pStrong
Wielandt subgroups and series of a finite group G. T Groups can
also be studied with these algorithms.
Fog is a natural phenomenon and is formed when water vapours in the
air near the surface begin to condense into liquid water. Fog
occurs over Punjab (Pakistan), during winter months of November,
December and January. The aim of this study was to investigate the
dense fog events and also to find the reasons of this prolonged
fog. This prolonged/unusual fog affects the air and road traffic
badly. Many accidents take place because of poor visibility and
many people lose their lives. Using 30-year (1976-2005) real
meteorological data of 10-weather stations, four dense fog years
were investigated. Daily, ten-days and monthly temperature and
moisture data of these four years showed significant changes during
the fog events. It is observed that day time temperature decreases
and night time temperature increases during fog events but the mean
temperature remains below 15.5 degrees Celsius, mean relative
humidity examined more than 80% for the north Punjab and more than
70% for the south Punjab and throughout the fog period, daily
saturatain vapour pressure deficit found below 1hpa and with these
conditions, dense fog events could be predicted precisely for next
24-48 hours
The Bayesian approach to analyze different statistical models has
developed great interest among analysts. Posterior distribution is
the workbench of the Bayesian statisticians. It is obtained when
prior information is combined with likelihood. Therefore the prior
information is necessary for the Bayesian approach. The prior
information is purely subjective assessment of an expert before any
data have been observed. So here we consider different informative
and non-informative priors and compare them to see which one is
more suitable for our proposed model. The effort of current study
is to explore the heterogeneous population using the Bayesian
analysis for simple and mixture of the Maxwell distribution when
data is censored and uncensored. Various types of comparisons of
prior distributions for the parameter of the Maxwell distribution
and loss functions are illustrated. We also consider Type I mixture
of the Maxwell distribution which is member of the subclass of the
exponential family. As an extension to this work, a comparisons of
different loss functions are made. Moreover we have derived the
limiting expressions for the Bayes estimators with their variances.
This research was conducted to elucidate the effect of various
planting seasons and macro nutritional NPK levels on growth, yield
and vase life of carnation. The experiment was envisaged in
Floriculture Research area, Institute of Horticultural Sciences,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The results indicated that
the overall best performance of carnation production such as plant
height, number of branches per plant, length of branches, number of
leaves per plant, leaf area, NPK contents, flower diameter, flower
quality and vase life was due to T2 (5:10:10 g pot-1 NPK). Whereas,
planting season S1 (16th Nov.) showed better results for indices
like plant height, number of branches per plant, length of
branches, number of leaves per plant, NPK contents, flower
diameter, fresh weight of flower, fresh and dry weight ratio and
flower quality as compared to planting season S2 (15th February).
Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is the most important and commonly
associated with tomato crop and is distributed throughout Pakistan.
To combat this problem, tomato lines/varieties screened against the
tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), in relation to epidemiological factors
and different plant extracts (A. indica, A. aspera and W.
somnifera) were evaluated for their efficacy to manage the
disease.The most effective plant extract was A indica at 1%
concentration to reduce disease.
This book is an investigation into the contribution of bilingualism
to learning English as a foreign language; it proves that the
limited and judicious use of mother tongue in EFL classroom does
not reduce students' communicative ability but can assist in
teaching learning process. It proposes an explanation for this,
based on the historical development of bilingualism over time that
has remained the dominant practice in English language classes in
developing countries. Moreover, it seeks to understand whether
teachers and the learners who do have another language draw on it
in ways relevant to the teaching of English, and to suggest reasons
why learners' and teachers' languages are disregarded in the
teaching and learning process. In doing so, the book draws on key
bodies of literature in bilingualism, second language acquisition
and critical studies in an attempt to provide a framework for
research.
NaCl stress has reached to its alarming state in the history of
various regions of Pakistan. Vegetable production is now a problem
in salt affected areas of Pakistan. Especially onion is also
sensitive to salt stress. In this way the present study was planned
to check the effect of salt stress on different cultivars of onion.
It proved a significant effect on the growth and physiology of
onion. That ultimately affects the yield.
Excessive accumulation of soluble salts in soil suppresses plant
growth and productivity so an efficient and simple screening
technique for selection of available okra (Abelmoschus esculentus
L.) genotypes for salt tolerance was executed. Seeds of eight okra
genotypes were grown in pot culture under protected environment of
lath house. Twenty days old seedlings were exposed to salinity
under control, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mM NaCl. Results revealed that
increasing salinity caused reduction in plant height, number of
leaves, fresh and dry weights as well as gas exchange
characteristics like photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance
of okra. Na contents were higher in salt sensitive genotypes as
compared to tolerant one. Okra genotypes OH-2324 and OH-597
spectacled best performance in all the measured parameters and
grouped under salt tolerant cultivars while OH-152 and OH-809 were
aggravated in maintaining normal functioning at higher salinity
levels thus proved to be salt sensitive.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a starchy, tuberous crop belongs
to Solanaceae family (also known as the Nightshades). Potatoes are
the world's fourth largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and
maize. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild
species suggest that the potato has a single origin in the area of
southern Peru, from a species Solanum brevicaule complex. Soil
health is a crucial factor for obtaining higher yield of vegetable
crops. Poor soil health, soil structure, reduced microbial
activities may result in deduction in plant growth and yield. To
improve soil health, structure, fertility and productivity organic
materials such as farm yard manure, compost, sewerage sludge and
municipal waste has been used. Chemical fertilizers are also used
to obtained sustainable productivity. To feed huge some of
population, it is imperative to improve crop productivity with
least effect on environment. This could only be achieved by the
integration of conventional and non conventional approaches. This
study was initiated to monitor the effects of humic acid and
hydrogel on growth and yield performance of potato under general
field conditions.
Moringa extract is blessed with a variety of vital plant growth
substances. These plant growth substances are responsible for
different physiological activities in plants. These plant growth
substances are endogenously produced in the plant, but foliar
application of moringa extract increases endogenous levels of these
plant growth substances (Hormone). That ultimately boost the growth
and yield of pea.
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a green pod-bearing plant belongs to
family leguminosae. Peas are highly rich in protein, manganese,
dietary fiber, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin B1 and folate. The
high amount of vitamin K1 from green peas makes them very important
for bone health. Peas are widely grown as a cool season vegetable
crop. Pea plants are highly sensitive to the summer heat. Moringa
leaf is also a rich source of ascorbates, carotenoids, phenolics,
potassium and calcium which have plant growth promoting
capabilities and are being applied as exogenous plant growth
enhancers. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and glutathione,
which are found at high concentrations in moringa chloroplasts and
other cellular compartments, are crucial for plant defense against
oxidative stress. It is therefore hypothesized that leaf extract
from moringa, having a number of plant growth promoters, mineral
nutrients and vitamins in a naturally balanced composition, which
may promote the pea growth and extend its fruit bearing period.
This study was conducted to monitor the impact of exogenous
application of MLE (moringa leaf extract) on the growth and yield
performance of pea.
Fruit production has been the earliest of food sources meeting the
needs of human race for centuries. Owing to varied climate under
the sun, the fruit production has also got wide range in fruit
types, nutritional values and production technologies. Citriculture
has emerged as one of the major fruit production industries in the
world. Like the other fruits, citrus is known for its versatility
in use. It is used as fresh fruit, its peel is used for the
extraction of essential oils, pulp in extraction of juices and also
along with peel, used to prepare jams, jellies and marmalades.
Owing to the ever increasing pressure from population explosion,
the need has arisen to improve the crop to meet the demands which
have a direct relation with galloping population of the global
world of 21st century. In this research, I have been searching for
an efficient procedure for callus induction, regenerative ability
from different explants in Citrus reticulata Blanco, in order to
provide a basis for genetic improvement. I have studied the effects
of different growth regulators on callus initiation from different
explants and shoot and root development from calli.
According to WHO studies, approximately 170 million individuals of
the world population are diagnosed to be infected with Hepatitis C
virus. Unfortunately around 20 % of these patients experience
progressive liver disease leading to cirrhosis or hepatocellular
carcinoma over 20 to 40 years. Interferon-alpha and ribavirin
combination therapy is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis
C. These drugs may trigger production of different types of
non-specific and specific autoantibodies. Thyroid dysfunction,
which has been reported to occur from 3.9-33.33%, is the most
common autoimmune disorder associated with combination therapy.
Therefore, it is necessary that thyroid functions are monitored
during therapy and the course of thyroid disease is watched for
once autoimmune thyroid disorder develops. This book highlights the
effects of Interferon and ribavirin on thyroid functions, its
pathogenesis, clinical features and outcome through a cohort study
carried out on chronic hepatitis C patients.
Gibberellic acid GA3 is a naturally occurring growth harmone. It
hastens the growth by augmenting cell division. Cell division is
facilitated by improved cell membrane elasticity by the application
of gibberellic acid. Foliar feeding of gibberellic acid is ideal
for plants having indeterminate growth habit in which vegetative
and reproductive growth runs simultaneously. Okra is such a plant
whose yield potential can be improved by foliar application of
gibberellic acid. In addition to this gibberellic acid is an
endogenously produced growth substance. So its foliar feeding is
totally eco-friendly.
Planting geometry (45 cm apart single rows x 8 cmplant to plant
distance with in row), supplying ofirrigation water at 80 %
available soil moisturedepletion of field capacity cum de-topping
(removalof 2 cm growing tips) at 70 days after sowing, fertilizer
banding cum seed inoculation withbiofertilizer, flat sowing with
hand weeding at 30and 60 days after sowing and application of
growthregulator (NAA) @ 200 ml ha-1 in three split doses,45, 90 and
135 days after sowing could improvechickpea seed yield up to 43.77
% by applying modernproduction technolog
Wheat is the most widely grown crop in the world and is sown over a
wide range of sowing dates in various cropping systems. Sowing time
as a crop management tool played a significant contribution towards
the wheat grain yield, reflecting the importance of the selection
of optimum sowing time. The genotypes also behaved variably. This
book, elucidated some important parameters that can be used as
yield predictors of the crop. To further clarify, a validated APSIM
model was used for understanding and analyzing optimum sowing time,
genotype and climatic behavior. The simulation results explained
the vulnerability of crop and a relationship of climate and wheat
yield variability. The book, therefore, depicts the successful use
of the simulation approach to understand crop bio-dynamism, climate
and crop management simultaneously to explore the potential yield
of wheat in a given environment.
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