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Isolation of active ingredients from medicinal plants and
characterization can be traced to the beginning of 19th century.
Large number of drugs from medicinal plants were discovered and
introduced in modern pharmacopoeias during 1850-1950. In the
present study, Leaves of 7 species of different medicinal plants
named Hygrophila auriculata (Talmakhana) Abru precatorius
(Kaincha), Morinaga olifera (Sohanjna), Withania sominifera
(Ashwaganda), Cartoon tiglium (Jamal ghota), Solanum nigram (Peelo)
and Psoralae corylfolia (Babachi) were put on extraction using
extraction buffer. Protein contents of all extracts were determined
using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as standard Biuret method. All
extracts were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel
filteration chromatography using sephadex G-200 gel. Antibacterial
activity of all these extracts before and after ammonium sulphate
precipitation and gel filteration fraction having maximum protein
contents was assayed.
Aldose 1-epimerase or mutarotase is the enzyme that responsible for
carbohydrate metabolism and converts the alpha anomer into beta
anomer of glucose. This enzyme was extracted from bovine kidney
cortex. Crude enzyme exhibited the activity of 14.92 U mL-1 with
specific activity of 0.153 U mg-1 proteins. The enzyme activity and
specific activity was increased to 53.75 UmL-1 4.981 Umg-1
respectively after 38-60% ammonium sulfate precipitation and it was
further increased to 73.27 UmL-1 and 11.67 Umg-1 when subjected to
diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose chromatography. Further
purification was carried out by passing it through Sephadex G-150
column and observed increase in activity 79.26 UmL-1 with 19.55
Umg-1 specific activity. The optimum pH and temperature were
recorded as 8.5 and 37 oC respectively. Different stabilizers
(glycerol, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate) were used to study
their effect on stability of enzyme.
In this study hyper-production of citric acid Aspergillus niger was
carried out using agro-industrial residues as carrier substrates in
solid state fermentation (SSF) of sucrose molasses medium. It was
concluded from this study that banana stalk was a good carrier
substrate among the six substrates (Corncobs, corn stover, wheat
straw, wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse) used for citric acid
production in SSF of molasses medium and SSF gave higher citric
acid production as compared to liquid state fermentation (LSF).
Mutants of Aspergillus niger were produced through UV irradiations,
Ethyle methane sulfonate (EMS) and Ethidium bromide (EB) for
different time periods and Among the different mutants selected
using selective marker, EB treated mutant Aspergillus niger EB-3
(treated for 90 minutes) was the best mutant for enhanced
production of citric acid. Moreover, citric acid production by the
mutant could be substantially enhanced to 112 mg/mL by careful
optimization of the SSF parameters and by the addition of different
metabolic inhibitors and metal ion complexing compounds.
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