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In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century.
This book assesses the state of the art of coatings materials and processes for gas-turbine blades and vanes, determines potential applications of coatings in high-temperature environments, identifies needs for improved coatings in terms of performance enhancements, design considerations, and fabrication processes, assesses durability of advanced coating systems in expected service environments, and discusses the required inspection, repair, and maintenance methods. The promising areas for research and development of materials and processes for improved coating systems and the approaches to increased coating standardization are identified, with an emphasis on materials and processes with the potential for improved performance, quality, reproducibility, or manufacturing cost reduction.
Microwaves can be effectively used in the processing of industrial materials under a wide range of conditions. However, microwave processing is complex and multidisciplinary in nature, and a high degree of technical knowledge is needed to determine how, when, and where the technology can be most profitably utilized. This book assesses the potential of microwave technology for industrial applications, reviews the latest equipment and processing methods, and identifies both the gaps in understanding of microwave processing technology and the promising development opportunities that take advantage of this new technology's unique performance characteristics. Table of Contents FRONT MATTER EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION MICROWAVE FUNDAMENTALS MICROWAVE SYSTEM INTEGRATION APPLICATION CRITERIA MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX
The two principal objectives of this book were (1) to identify promising materials technologies, design issues (both overall and for individual components), and fire performance parameters (both full scale and for individual components) that, if properly optimized, would lead to improved fire and smoke resistance of materials and components used in aircraft interiors; and (2) to identify long-range research directions that hold the most promise for producing predictive modeling capability, new advanced materials, and the required product development to achieve totally fire-resistant interiors in future aircrafts. The emphasis of the study is on long-term innovation leading to impacts on fire worthiness of aircraft interiors ten to twenty years hence.
This book advises the Federal Aeronautics Administration (FAA) on the detection of small, concealed explosives that a terrorist could plant surreptitiously on a commercial airplane. The book identifies key issues for the FAA regarding explosive detection technology that can be implemented in airport terminals. Recommendations are made in the areas of systems engineering, testing, and technology development.
Traditionally, counterfeit deterrent features restricted counterfeiting to only the dedicated craftsman. With the advent of highly sophisticated reprographic systems, this is no longer true. Redesign of U.S. banknotes is necessary in order to incorporate additional features aimed at discouraging counterfeiting using advanced copiers-scanners-printers. This volume evaluates a large number of such features while recommending a comprehensive national strategy for anticipating and responding to counterfeiting threats. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 U.S. Banknote Counterfeiting Threats 3 Assessment Methodology for Counterfeit-Deterrence 4 Description and Assessment of Deterrent Features 5 Counterfeit-Deterrent Strategies Appendix A: Conclusions and Recommendations From Previous National Materials Advisory Board Reports on Counterfeit Deterrence Appendix B: Advanced Non-Impact Color Reprographic Technologies Appendix C: Background on Color Appendix D: Induced Moire Pattern Background Appendix E: Methods for Authentication of Unique Random Patterns Appendix F: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members Glossary
This report assesses the operational performance of explosives-detection equipment and hardened unit-loading devices (HULDs) in airports and compares their operational performance to their laboratory performance, with a focus on improving aviation security.
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Nondestructive Evaluation Of Metal Matrix Composites: Report Of The Committee On Nondestructive Evaluation Of Metal Matrix Composites, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission On Engineering And Technical Systems, National Research Council; Volume 413 Of Publication NMAB National Materials Advisory Board (U.S.). Committee on Nondestructive Evaluation of Metal Matrix Composites National Academies, 1983 Technology & Engineering; Material Science; Composite materials; Technology & Engineering / Material Science
The threat from the degradation of materials in the engineered products that drive our economy, keep our citizenry healthy, and keep us safe from terrorism and belligerent threats has been well documented over the years. And yet little effort appears to have been made to apply the nation's engineering community to developing a better understanding of corrosion and the mitigation of its effects. The engineering workforce must have a solid understanding of the physical and chemical bases of corrosion, as well as an understanding of the engineering issues surrounding corrosion and corrosion abatement. Nonetheless, corrosion engineering is not a required course in the curriculum of most bachelor degree programs in MSE and related engineering fields, and in many programs, the subject is not even available. As a result, most bachelor-level graduates of materials- and design-related programs have an inadequate background in corrosion engineering principles and practices. To combat this problem, the book makes a number of short- and long-term recommendations to industry and government agencies, educational institutions, and communities to increase education and awareness, and ultimately give the incoming workforce the knowledge they need. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Importance of Corrosion Engineering Education 2 An Assessment of Corrosion Education 3 Conclusions and a Recommended Path Forward Appendix A: Two Earlier Reports Appendix B: Data Gathered from Universities Appendix C: Publications Data Appendix D: Short Courses on Corrosion Appendix E: Agendas for Materials Forum 2007 and Committee Public Meetings Appendix F: Sample Learning Outcomes Appendix G: Committee Biographies
High-temperature ceramic fibers are the key components of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Ceramic fiber properties (strength, temperature and creep resistance, for example)-along with the debonding characteristics of their coatings-determine the properties of CMCs. This report outlines the state of the art in high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings, assesses fibers and coatings in terms of future needs, and recommends promising avenues of research. CMCs are also discussed in this report to provide a context for discussing high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings.
The reduction of the fire hazard of fuel is critical to improving survivability in impact-survivable aircraft accidents. Despite current fire prevention and mitigation approaches, fuel flammability can overwhelm post-crash fire scenarios. The Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety was held November 19-20, 1996 to review the current state of development, technological needs, and promising technology for the future development of aviation fuels that are most resistant to ignition during a crash. This book contains a summary of workshop discussions and 11 presented papers in the areas of fuel and additive technologies, aircraft fuel system requirements, and the characterization of fuel fires. Table of Contents Front Matter I. Summary of Workshop II. Presented Papers: Fuel and Additive Technologies III. Presented Papers: Aircraft Fuel System Requirements IV. Presented Papers: Characterizing Fuel Fires Appendix A: Workshop Participants Appendix B: New Concepts in Fuel Fire Research: Final Summary Report of Short-Term Advisory Services (STAS) Team Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of the Committee Members and Technical Consultant
Many of the aircraft that form the backbone of the U.S. Air Force operational fleet are 25 years old or older. A few of these will be replaced with new aircraft, but many are expected to remain in service an additional 25 years or more. This book provides a strategy to address the technical needs and priorities associated with the Air Force's aging airframe structures. It includes a detailed summary of the structural status of the aging force, identification of key technical issues, recommendations for near-term engineering and management actions, and prioritized near-term and long-term research recommendations. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary Part I Problem Definition and Status of the Aging Force Part II Recommended Strategy and Opportunities for Near-Term and Long-Term Research References Appendix A: Synopses of Air Force Aging Aircraft Structural Histories Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
Accelerating the transition of new technologies into systems and products will be crucial to the Department of Defenses development of a lighter, more flexible fighting force. Current long transition times-ten years or more is now typical-are attributed to the complexity of the process. To help meet these challenges, the Department of Defense asked the National Research Council to examine lessons learned from rapid technology applications by integrated design and manufacturing groups. This report presents the results of that study, which was based on a workshop held to explore these successful cases. Three key areas emerged: creating a culture for innovation and rapid technology transition; methodologies and approaches; and enabling tools and databases.
Protection of the traveling public from terrorist threats involving explosives is a major goal of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). For 20 years, the TSA (and the Federal Aviation Administration before it) have been investing in technologies to meet that goal. To support that activity, the TSA has asked the NRC to assess a variety of technological opportunities for offering such protection. The NRC is approaching this assignment by issuing a series of reports on chosen technology applications. This is the first of that series and presents an assessment of mass spectrometry for enhanced trace detection (ETD) of chemicals contained in explosives. The report describes limitations of trace detection in general and the current technologies in particular. It then presents a discussion of the potential for mass spectrometry to improve EDT including challenges faced by such a system, recommendations for starting a program to take advantage of mass spectrometry, and recommendations for a phased implementation plan. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Background and Overview 2 Mass Spectrometry for Trace Detection of Threat Agents 3 Strategy for Improving Trace Detection Capabilities Appendix A: Estimation of the Informing Power of an Ion Mobility Spectrometer Appendix B: Biographies of Committee Members
The Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) of the U. S. Department of Energy commissioned the National Research Council (NRC) to undertake a study on required technologies for the Mining Industries of the Future Program to complement information provided to the program by the National Mining Association. Subsequently, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health also became a sponsor of this study, and the Statement of Task was expanded to include health and safety. The overall objectives of this study are: (a) to review available information on the U.S. mining industry; (b) to identify critical research and development needs related to the exploration, mining, and processing of coal, minerals, and metals; and (c) to examine the federal contribution to research and development in mining processes. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Technology and Mining 3 Technologies in Exploration, Mining, and Processing 4 Health and Safety Risks and Benefits 5 Research Opportunities in Environmental Technologies 6 Current Activities in Federal Agencies 7 Government-Sponsored Research and Development in Mining Technology 8 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations References Appendix A: Biographies of Committee Members Appendix B: Presentations to the Committee Appendix C: Agency Web Address Acronyms
A major goal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), is the development of technologies for detecting explosives and illegal drugs in freight cargo and passenger luggage. One such technology is pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA). This technology is based on detection of signature radiation (gamma rays) induced in material scanned by a beam of neutrons. While PFNA may have the potential to meet TSA goals, it has many limitations. Because of these issues, the government asked the National Research Council to evaluate the potential of PFNA for airport use and compare it with current and future x-ray technology. The results of this survey are presented in "Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security.? A broad range of detection methods and test results are covered in this report. Tests conducted as of October 2000 showed that the PFNA system was unable to meet the stringent federal aviation requirements for explosive detection in air cargo containers. PFNA systems did, however, demonstrate some superior characteristics compared to existing x-ray systems in detecting explosives in cargo containers, though neither system performed entirely satisfactorily. Substantial improvements are needed in the PFNA detection algorithms to allow it to meet aviation detection standards for explosives in cargo and passenger baggage. The PFNA system currently requires a long scan time (an average of 90 minutes per container in the prototype testing in October 2000), needs considerable radiation shielding, is significantly larger than current x-ray systems, and has high implementation costs. These factors are likely to limit installation at airports, even if the detection capability is improved. Nevertheless, because PFNA has the best potential of any known technology for detecting explosives in cargo and luggage, this book discusses how continued research to improve detection capabilities and system design can best be applied for the airport environment.
This volume is a report of a workshop held in 2003 to address best practices and remaining challenges with respect to national laboratory-university collaborations.
The selection of the proper materials for a structural component is a critical activity that is governed by many, often conflicting factors. Incorporating materials expert systems into CAD/CAM operations could assist designers by suggesting potential manufacturing processes for particular products to facilitate concurrent engineering, recommending various materials for a specific part based on a given set of characteristics, or proposing possible modifications of a design if suitable materials for a particular part do not exist. This book reviews the structural design process, determines the elements, and capabilities required for a materials selection expert system to assist design engineers, and recommends the areas of expert system and materials modeling research and development required to devise a materials-specific design system. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Materials Selection in Structural Design 3 Enhancing the Materials Selection Process in Design: A Vision 4 Information Technologies Pertinent to the Materials Selection Process 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Appendix A: Glossary of Acronyms Appendix B: Case Studies Reviewed by the Committee Appendix C: Review of Selected Knowledge-Representation Techniques and Tools Appendix D: Knowledge-Based Integrated Design System Appendix E: An Intelligent Knowledge System for Selection of Materials for Critical Aerospace Applications Appendix F: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
Materials are important in the pursuit of virtually every human endeavor. Advances in materials are applied not only in advanced technological systems such as spacecraft, jet engines, computers, and telecommunications but also in a world of more familiar applications from automobiles to floor coverings to fishing rods. This book addresses the factors that impede the transition of new materials from concepts into commercial use. It identifies policies and actions that government and industry, together with universities, can take to remove these impediments. Incentives to accelerate the commercialization of advanced materials are suggested, and recommendations are presented on ways to stimulate competitive commercialization of materials by government, industry, and academia. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2. New Materials and Their Commercialization 3. Factors Affecting Materials Commercialization 4. Strategies For Overcoming Commercialization Barriers References
The field of corrosion science and engineering is on the threshold of important advances. Advances in lifetime prediction and technological solutions, as enabled by the convergence of experimental and computational length and timescales and powerful new modeling techniques, are allowing the development of rigorous, mechanistically based models from observations and physical laws. Despite considerable progress in the integration of materials by design into engineering development of products, corrosion considerations are typically missing from such constructs. Similarly, condition monitoring and remaining life prediction (prognosis) do not at present incorporate corrosion factors. Great opportunities exist to use the framework of these materials design and engineering tools to stimulate corrosion research and development to achieve quantitative life prediction, to incorporate state-of-the-art sensing approaches into experimentation and materials architectures, and to introduce environmental degradation factors into these capabilities. Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering identifies grand challenges for the corrosion research community, highlights research opportunities in corrosion science and engineering, and posits a national strategy for corrosion research. It is a logical and necessary complement to the recently published book, Assessment of Corrosion Education, which emphasized that technical education must be supported by academic, industrial, and government research. Although the present report focuses on the government role, this emphasis does not diminish the role of industry or academia. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Corrosion - Its Influence and Control 2 Corrosion Research Grand Challenges 3 Research Opportunities 4 Dissemination of the Outcomes of Corrosion Research 5 A National Strategy for Corrosion Research Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Results of the Committee's Corrosion Mitigation Questionnaire Appendix C: Corrosion Modeling Appendix D: Acronyms Appendix E: Government Programs in Corrosion Appendix F: Committee Biographies
Ballistic Imaging assesses the state of computer-based imaging technology in forensic firearms identification. The book evaluates the current law enforcement database of images of crime-related cartridge cases and bullets and recommends ways to improve the usefulness of the technology for suggesting leads in criminal investigations. It also advises against the construction of a national reference database that would include images from test-fires of every newly manufactured or imported firearm in the United States. The book also suggests further research on an alternate method for generating an investigative lead to the location where a gun was first sold: "microstamping," the direct imprinting of unique identifiers on firearm parts or ammunition. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary PART I: Context for Ballistic Imaging Analysis, 1 Introduction 2 Firearms and Ammunition: Physics, Manufacturing, and Sources of Variability 3 Firearms Identification and the Use of Ballistics Evidence PART II: Current Ballistic Imaging and Databases, 4 Current Ballistic Imaging Technology 5 Current Ballistic Image Databases: NIBIN and the State Reference Databases 6 Operational and Technical Enhancements to NIBIN 7 Three-Dimensional Measurement and Ballistic Imaging PART III: Implications for a National Reference Ballistic Image Database, 8 Experimental Evidence on Sources of Variability and Imaging Standards 9 Feasibility of a National Reference Ballistic Image Database PART IV: Future Directions, 10 Microstamping: Alternative Technology for Tracing to Point of Sale 11 Best Standards for Future Developments in Computer-Assisted Firearms Identification References Appendix A: Gun Enforcement and Ballistic Imaging Technology in Boston--Anthony A. Braga Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
Historically, most terrorist attacks on civilian targets have involved the use of firearms or explosives, and current defensive strategies are aimed at preventing attacks perpetrated by such means. However, the use of the nerve agent sarin in 1995 to attack the Tokyo subway system, the use of the U.S. mail in 2001 to distribute letters containing anthrax spores, and the discovery in 2004 of the biological toxin ricin in U.S. Senate Office Buildings in Washington, D.C., demonstrate that chemical and biological agents have been added to terrorists' arsenals. Attacks involving chemical/biological agents are of great concern, not only because of the potential for mass casualties but also because there is no strategy or technology fielded today that can respond adequately to this threat. As the United States and other countries reassess the security measures they have in place to prevent or defend against such attacks, the risks to the air transportation system as a primary target become clear. Defending the U.S. Air Transportation System Against Chemical and Biological Threats is an exploration of defensive strategies that could be used to protect air transportation spaces (specifically, airport terminals and aircraft) against attack with chemical or biological agents and makes recommendations with respect to the role of TSA in implementing these strategies. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Background and Overview 2 The Chemical/Biological Threat to Air Transportation 3 Defensive Strategies 4 Implementation of Defensive Strategies: The Role of the Transportation Security Administration Appendix Biographies of Committee Members
U.S. Air Force (USAF) planners have envisioned that uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs), working in concert with inhabited vehicles, will become an integral part of the future force structure. Current plans are based on the premise that UAVs have the potential to augment, or even replace, inhabited aircraft in a variety of missions. However, UAV technologies must be better understood before they will be accepted as an alternative to inhabited aircraft on the battlefield. The U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) requested that the National Research Council, through the National Materials Advisory Board and the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, identify long-term research opportunities for supporting the development of technologies for UAVs. The objectives of the study were to identify technological developments that would improve the performance and reliability of a /generation-after-nexta UAVs at lower cost and to recommend areas of fundamental research in materials, structures, and aeronautical technologies. The study focused on innovations in technology that would a /leapfroga current technology development and would be ready for scaling-up in the post-2010 time frame (i.e., ready for use on aircraft by 2025).
This book describes the Conference on Fire and Smoke-Resistant Materials held at the National Academy of Sciences on November 8-10, 1994. The purpose of this conference was to identify trends in aircraft fire safety and promising research directions for the Federal Aviation Administration's program in smoke and fire resistant materials. This proceedings contains 15 papers presented by distinguished speakers and summaries of the workshop sessions concerning toxicity issues, fire performance parameters, drivers for materials development, and new materials technology. Table of Contents Front Matter Part I - Invited Papers Chapter 1. Federal Aviation Administration Fire-Safety Mission Chapter 2. Airplane Accidents and Fires Chapter 3. Heat Exposure and Burning Behavior of Cabin Materials . . . Chapter 4. Fundamental Fire Properties of Combustible Materials Chapter 5. Fire Tests and Hazard Evaluation Chapter 6. Fire Properties of Materials Chapter 7. Fire-Screening Results of Polymers and Composites Chapter 8. Fire Properties of Future Material Candidates Chapter 9. Meeting FR Goals Using Polymer Additive Systems Chapter 10. An Overview of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers Chapter 11. Flame-Retarding Wool Textile Materials and the Evaluation of Thermally Stable... Chapter 12. Smoke Toxicity Chapter 13. In-Service Performance Criteria for Aircraft Interiors Chapter 14. Design of Aircraft Interior Chapter 15. Processing and Manufacturing of Interior Components Part II - Workshop Summary Session I: Toxicity Session II: Fire Performance Parameters Session III: Drivers for Materials Development Session IV: New Materials Technology Appendix A: Conference Program Appendix B: Conference Participants and Speakers
Helium has long been the subject of public policy deliberation and management, largely because of its many strategic uses and its unusual source-it is a derived product of natural gas and its market has several anomalous characteristics. Shortly after sources of helium were discovered at the beginning of the last century, the U.S. government recognized helium's potential importance to the nation's interests and placed its production and availability under strict governmental control. In the 1960s, helium's strategic value in cold war efforts was reflected in policies that resulted in the accumulation of a large reserve of helium owned by the federal government. The latest manifestation of public policy is expressed in the Helium Privatization Act of 1996 (1996 12 Act), which directs that substantially all of the helium accumulated as a result of those earlier policies be sold off by 2015 at prices sufficient to repay the federal government for its outlays associated with the helium program. The present volume assesses whether the interests of the United States have been well served by the 1996 Act and, in particular, whether selling off the helium reserve has had any adverse effect on U.S. scientific, technical, biomedical, and national security users of helium. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary Summary 1 Overview, Conclusions, and Recommendations 2 The Helium Supply Chain 3 Demand for Helium 4 Helium Sourcing and Reserves 5 Operation of the Federal Helium Reserve Facilities References Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Biographies of Committee Members Appendix C: Meeting Agendas Appendix D: The Economics of a Typical Recycling System Appendix E: Auction Types Appendix F: Extraction Path Alternatives Appendix G: Executive Summary of *The Impact of Selling the Federal Helium Reserve* (the 2000 Report) |
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