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This volume will act as a guide through the various aspects of
quantum mechanics. It not only covers the basics but also addresses
new themes developed in the field of quantum mechanics in recent
years. These include quantum mechanics in relation to electronics,
quantum dots, spintronics, cryptography, and other more theoretical
aspects, such as the path integral formulation and supersymmetric
quantum mechanics. The volume presents a number of mathematical
tools and physical consequences derived from quantum mechanics. The
starting point of the volume is a very brief review of the
phenomenology associated with the origins of quantum theory, as the
branch of science was understood in the beginning of the 20th
century, leading to an interpretation of the results at that time.
Key features: * Provides understanding and demystification of the
quantum theory * Presents applications to information theory and
encryption * Introduces applications to medicine, in both treatment
and diagnosis * Covers applications to modern communications
systems * Looks at the philosophical implications of quantum
mechanics, its reality, and its perception * Describes the
application to the basics of solid state devices
This volume will act as a guide through the various aspects of
quantum mechanics. It not only covers the basics but also addresses
new themes developed in the field of quantum mechanics in recent
years. These include quantum mechanics in relation to electronics,
quantum dots, spintronics, cryptography, and other more theoretical
aspects, such as the path integral formulation and supersymmetric
quantum mechanics. The volume presents a number of mathematical
tools and physical consequences derived from quantum mechanics. The
starting point of the volume is a very brief review of the
phenomenology associated with the origins of quantum theory, as the
branch of science was understood in the beginning of the 20th
century, leading to an interpretation of the results at that time.
Key features: * Provides understanding and demystification of the
quantum theory * Presents applications to information theory and
encryption * Introduces applications to medicine, in both treatment
and diagnosis * Covers applications to modern communications
systems * Looks at the philosophical implications of quantum
mechanics, its reality, and its perception * Describes the
application to the basics of solid state devices
In order to develop, research, model, or construct it is require to
perform measurements on those systems we are interested. The type
of measurement will be given by the nature of the object, or the
subject under investigation. In science the measurements often
pursue to understand very complicated phenomena, inaccessible
sometimes to the currents measurement devices or that may need some
innovation in the protocols used. Of course it is in science and
engineering where most of the innovations manifest primary and then
are exported to other fields, for instance the measure devise in
high energy experiments carry a lot of new techniques and protocols
to improve the characterization of a variety of systems. In a
laboratory the conditions to perform a measurement can be
controlled to a certain degree, but facing measurement in outside
scenarios involves more complex situations. Typically, any
construction needs the proper elaboration of it constituents,
saying concrete, steel of any other product of pre-manufacturing
origin, that requires in every step of its fabrication a control
and monitoring, even beyond the factories, the in-situ measure of
certain terrains characteristics, tension on rail roads, porosity
in the ground and in the structures, all of these depends of
meticulous and appropriate measurements using a variety of
techniques, very often originated in pure sciences. Students, civil
engineers, and materials scientists will find this book to be a
good comprehensive resource for learning about the fundamental
methods used in those fields to achieve trustworthy measures,
focusing on specific examples that are also top research in the
area, suitable for the interested reader.
Hydraulics corresponds to a wide variety of fields unified in a
marvelous engineering set of models, all of then resting on several
basic physical principles and with vast applications. The direct
applications go from simple home hydraulic systems, as in our
kitchens or bathrooms to the large industrial structures,
buildings, factories, all that make modern life possible. The
industrial applications are by far the most studied. It is indeed
needed to understand the flows on different geometries, and how
this flow produces changes in the system, pressure and viscosity,
that determines how the fluid is going to behave even in the
simplest structure. The complications to compute and make
predictions are enormous, it is only with the aid of numerical
calculations that some results can be obtained, nevertheless, the
control by using valves and several types of pipelines and some
other devices that allow us to reproduce the results that we need
for control and applications, even when the fluids are in turbulent
and complex regimes. The research in this field pursues to
understand mostly industrial applications, but some branches are
also related to basic science, where the physics is similar,
although the equations that rules are different, such as
nanofluids, nanosensors devices and nanoparticles motion in a
fluid. The aim of this book is to take some practical examples and
show the most relevant concepts and methods. We hope it will give a
little inside into the physics and techniques involved in the
hydraulics engineering.
The control of quantum physical systems refers to those whose
behavior is dominated by the laws of quantum mechanics. The
effective capabilities of manipulating matter and light at those
scales is steadily growing and new experimental and technological
possibilities are at reach, the interest in developing systematic
theories for controlled quantum mechanical systems is rapidly
increasing. The advantage offered by quantum information processes
such as in spintronic devices has given to quantum control a new
perspective, the ability of employing quantum systems to store,
manipulate and retrieve information. It requires an unprecedented
degree of control, and further motivates the development of control
schemes specifically designed to the quantum mechanical setting.
Over the past fifteen years, significant developments have been
made in utilizing quantum attributes of light and matter to assume
unprecedented control over the dynamics of atomic and molecular
systems. This growth reflects a confluence of factors including the
better understanding of quantum mechanics as a tool for chemistry
and physics, the development of new laser devices increasing our
ability to manipulate light, and the recognition that coherent
laser light can be used to imprint information on atoms and
molecules for practical purposes. In this book we cover some
aspects of the basics and controlling of quantum systems using a
theoretical and applied approaches, from the very grounds of the
theory to some hybrid approaches to quantum control. Hope this book
can guide the reader into the deeps of this fascinating field.
Solid mechanics is fundamental for civil, aerospace, nuclear, and
mechanical engineering, for geology, and for many branches of
physics such as materials science. It has specific applications in
many other areas, such as understanding the anatomy of living
beings, and the design of dental prostheses and surgical implants.
One of the most common practical applications of solid mechanics is
the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation. Solid mechanics extensively uses
tensors to describe stresses, strains, and the relationship between
them. Fundamental problems in engineering are now being solved by
optical methods. Stress on materials, thermodynamic properties,
elasticity are some of the factors that can be measured or
estimated by using optical techniques. The physics behind all these
powerful methods is very rich, goes from spectroscopy to
photoelasticity. The research in this field aims to understand full
scale objects using two and three dimensional models, the strain
fields at the surface of materials or constructions, and also on
transparent materials such as organic and inorganic glasses and
monocrystals. The ability to measure in real time and
non-invasively variations of certain physical quantities brought
into the solids mechanics some of the measurements needed to
compute with speed and accuracy some of the hallmark features. This
book takes some examples that covers the most relevant methods in
specific applications to some materials and giving a little inside
into the physics of the techniques involved. Optical methods in
experimental solid mechanics, yielding field information, combined
with digital image processing and on-line evaluation of the
experimentally obtained data by means of numerical procedures
enable the stress-strain analysis of many problems, which couldn't
be analysed satisfactorily as yet. Thus the effects of non-linear
elastic, of viscoelastic material response and of any combination
of such materials on the stress-strain state can be considered.
Hybrid techniques, i.e. the combination of measurement techniques
with numerical methods for data evaluation based on advanced
mathematical algorithms yield reliable knowledge on the actual
state and the real reactions of any kind of structures. The
possibilities of direct measure are nowadays extremely rare and to
measure implies besides manipulation of complex measuring systems,
understanding of measurand and limit of application of measurement
method. Stress analysis has been considered for some time as a
distinct professional branch of engineering, the main objective to
determine and improve the mechanical strength of elements,
structures and machines. Experimental stress analysis strives to
achieve these aims by experimental means. In the investigation of
problems of mechanical strength, many factors make the experimental
approach indispensable, and often the only means of access. In
addition to this, theoretical considerations are usually based on
simplifying assumptions which imply certain deviations from
reality, and it can be established only by experimentation whether
such idealization do not produce an undue distortion of the
problem. Using experimental stress analysis is required especially
if the analysis is done under real service conditions, where thre
are all the influential factors such properties of the employed
materials, the methods of manufacture and the operation conditions.
A special place among the experimental techniques is occupied by
optical methods. Among their numerous possible applications, they
can help the researcher to characterize the materials' behaviour,
to give access to the time-evolution of fields of data at different
scales and maybe, the most important advantage, they are
non-contact and provide full-field data that are naturally suitable
for direct comparison with numerical solutions.
Solid-state transistors and integrated circuits has spawned the
information age in the last 50 years. Information is at people's
hands and communications take seconds. Such rapid development stems
from tremendous developments in both hardware and software such as
solid-state circuits. Approaches such as parallel processing, new
circuit design, and particularly novel materials are necessary.
Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies provides concepts and
current improvements of circuit technology. The applications of
solid state in circuit's elements go from simple led technology to
complex transistors and chips. The advances take the new
technologies to smaller sizes and faster operations. First chapter
presents fault diagnosis of DC analog CMOS circuits and second
chapter explores on high-accuracy function synthesizer circuit with
applications in signal processing. Third chapter provides a new
current-controlled-power technique for small signal applications.
In fourth chapter, a design of a symmetry-type floating impedance
scaling circuit and the improvement method of its operation
bandwidth are proposed. Fifth chapter elaborates on the design and
analysis of a power efficient linearly tunable cross-coupled
transconductor having separate bias control, and sixth chapter
presents a novel and unique polymorphic processor design. In
seventh chapter, the differential ULV inverter is presented. The
improvement in term of stability and delay relative to the ULV is
elaborated. Furthermore, the reliability, yield and the defect
tolerance of the differential ULV inverter compared with both
standards CMOS and with ULV floating-gate inverter are examined.
Chip design of a low-voltage wideband continuous-time sigma-delta
modulator with DWA technology for WIMAX applications are
highlighted in eighth chapter. Ninth chapter introduces the system
architecture of the wideband continuous-time sigma-delta modulator
and ninth chapter presents the design of a novel two-stage
bulk-input pseudo differential Operational Transconductance
Amplifier. Tenth chapter explores on the performance improvement of
phase-change memory cell using AlSb3Te and atomic layer deposition
TiO2 buffer layer and eleventh chapter highlights emerging
nonvolatile memory technologies. Probe-based storage technologies
are illustrated in twelfth chapter and thirteenth chapter presents
a comparative analysis result of the proposed scheme and the
conventional thyristor protection scheme incorporating a clamp NMOS
device. Fourteenth chapter presents a CMOS 3.1 - 10.6 GHZ UWB LNA
employing modified derivative superposition method. In fifteenth
chapter, the challenges and opportunities of CBRAM devices using
different switching materials such as chalcogenides, oxides, and
bilayers in different structures have been reviewed. In sixteenth
chapter, we focus our attention on the recent development of the
research on the QC effect in CF-based non-volatile RS devices
including basic QC phenomenon in resistive random access memory
(RRAM), RS mechanisms, device structures, materials, theory, and
modeling of conductance quantization in RRAM. In seventeenth
chapter, we report on electrical instabilities in pentacene-based
transistors with Mylar and PMMA/Mylar gate dielectrics transferred
by a lamination process in ambient environment. Special emphasis is
given on comparing the two types of devices in ON state and
subthreshold regions under gate bias stress. Eighteenth chapter
presents an introduction of memristor and modelling of memristor
with nonlinear dopant drift with new parameter. Ninteenth chapter
focuses on canning head for the apertureless near field optical
microscope and measurement of gamma-rays using smartphones is
highlighted in twentieth chapter. Last chapter presents an approach
on design of low power level shifter circuit with sleep transistor
using multisupply voltage scheme. These chapters contain
applications, written by renowned experts in the respective fields
on to integrated circuits and materials science. It is intended for
a broad readership which includes electrical engineers and material
scientists. Readers will be able to familiarize themselves with the
latest technologies in the various fields.
Superconductivity has been known for over a century. The
liquefaction of Helium opened a whole new branch of experimental
and theoretical work in low temperature physics. Since those days
the discovery of High Temperature and Unconventional
superconductors has been on the focus of a large amount of
scientific research, with an exponentially growing spectra of
applications for technologies. Superconducting technology has the
potential for future smart grid technologies. A combination of
superconductor materials, electrical engineering, cryogenic
insulation, cryogenics and cryostats constitutes some of the most
recognized applications so far implemented. We engage some aspects
of superconductivity using a theoretical and applied approaches,
then several experimental set ups and results are included with
potential applications. Hope this book can guide the reader into
this promising field. This book entitled Engineering
Superconductivity covers some developments in these areas, making
it essential for future applied superconductivity in electrical
engineering and even in biomedicine. Content coverage of the book
is as follows. First chapter gives an overview of recent advances
in novel superconductors and second chapter presents a brief review
on the investigation of the electronic structure and
superconductivity of the FeSe superconductor and related systems.
In third chapter, triplet superconductivity in a nutshell were
studied, and fourth chapter discusses about superconductivity,
charge orderings, magnetism, and their phase separations in the
ground state of lattice models of superconductor with very short
coherence length. Fifth chapter focuses on predicting
unconventional high temperature superconductors in trigonal
bipyramidal coordinations. Sixth chapter deals with electronic
energy levels in high-temperature superconductors. Seventh chapter
explores on experimental demonstrations of high-Q superconducting
coplanar waveguide resonators. The main objective of eighth chapter
is to study the electronic structure of Nb3Al/Nb3Sn using the state
of the art first principle method. Ninth chapter deals with
magnetoresistance oscillations in La-based metallic glass. Tenth
chapter provides a novel superconducting quantum interference
device for biomagnetic measurements. Eleventh chapter focuses on
preparation of Nb3Al superconductor by powder metallurgy and effect
of mechanical alloying on the phase formation. Twelfth chapter
highlights on exploration of new superconductors and functional
materials, and fabrication of superconducting tapes and wires of
iron pnictides. In thirteenth chapter, competition between the
superconductivity and nematic order in the high-Tc superconductor
were studied. Fourteenth chapter presents interplay and competition
between superconductivity and charge orderings in the
zero-bandwidth limit of the extended Hubbard model with pair
hopping and on-site attraction. Fifteenth chapter covers
superconductivity in Fe and As based compounds. Sixteenth chapter
deals with superconductivity of gold alloys and seventeenth chapter
focuses on high-temperature superconducting fiber. Eighteenth
chapter discusses about dielectric properties of (Zn) x /CuTl-1223
nanoparticle-superconductor composites. In nineteenth chapter
experimental presentation of microwave absorption due to shaking of
JV by AC magnetic field in Bi2212 and Bi2223 were presented. Last
chapter deals with 3D-modeling numerical solution of guidance force
of HTSC bulk above permanent magnetic guideway.
Semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors and integrated
circuits are found everywhere in our daily lives, in televisions,
automobiles, washing machines and computers. We have come to rely
on them in every aspect and we are expecting higher performance at
lower cost. Personal computers are the corner stone on this
subject. The complexity and performance of the today's personal
computers vastly exceeds that of their old computer and that for
about an equivalent purchase price.The essential fact which has
driven the successful growth of this technological industry is that
through industrial skill and technological advances. These devices
deliver year after year better performance while consuming less
power and because of their smaller size they can also be
manufactured at a lower cost per device.Technology of the
twenty-first century is relying heavily on the development of new
materials and their structures in which the technology of
semiconductors is the foundation of modern electronics, including
transistors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, quantum dots, and
digital and analog integrated circuits A new era has just begun,
where people's life changes dramatically with every step the
technology takes and the science is being developed faster with
each advance. A mutual relation that only goes towards benefits in
an endless cycle of growing. This book takes some interesting
aspects and advances of devices that relies on semiconductor
physics, guiding the reader deeper into both the physical basis and
their applications.
As the world continues to move, so does the advancement of
technology. Every year sheds light on improvements to yesterday's
devices and new inventions appearing on the horizon. At the center
of it all is a desire to speed up communication across the globe,
with the intention of making inconveniences a thing of the past.
Modern civilization depends on advanced communication technologies.
The application of electricity to communications with inventions
such as the telephone and telegraph meant people could send
information instantly over long distances. More recent advances
such as satellites and the Internet have extended communications
worldwide and made global news and information commonplace.
Communications technology continues to improve with each passing
year, bringing more information choices to you at lower costs.
Today's communication systems are increasingly complex.
Communications system engineering may involve developing or
maintaining cable-based or wireless telephone and voicemail
systems, group scheduling programs, webinars, Voice over Internet
Protocol or automatic call answering and routing systems. Handbook
of Communications System Engineering aims to cover technical
information relevant to those interested in handling and learning
about communications systems to a medium-high level. It covers from
on mobile communications, network and the protocols involved, to
wireless and control. It compiles revised and extendsed research
work written by prominent researchers and experts in their
respective field. Students and engineers will find this book to be
a good comprehensive resource that focus on specific examples that
are also top research material in the area, suitable for the
interested reader. A couple of centuries ago mankind did not even
dream of communicating with the use of the sky, much less dream of
something like satellite communication. A couple of decades ago we
did not dream of what we could do with satellite communication.
Today satellite communication has become one of most powerful
methods of communication. Everything from phones to the internet to
the TV and radio can be used through satellite communication.
Through satellite communication it is possible for an individual to
communicate with any one who has a similar communication device.
This can be done from any where in the world. The latest GPS can
show an individuals position with pinpoint accuracy. An individual
can ask for directions from the system and it will show you the
closest route that you can get there. If the road to the
destination is under construction or if you cannot go in that path
the GPS will choose a different route for you. The best and worst
part about communication is that it evolves, develops and expands.
The way we see the world today will be totally different to how we
might see the world in another 10 years time. Communication methods
and ways might change and expand in ways that we never thought
possible.
Electric machines are often synonyms for electric motors and
electric generators. The term refers to those devices that has
certain mobility but furthermore, to those that transform electric
currents into motion or motion into electric currents. The modern
society depends upon energy to subsist, this energy comes from a
number of different sources, some very polluting, like burning
fossil fuels, others very low polluting - at least during energy
harvesting - like solar cells, and in between, lies the inductive
generators. This machines take advantage of mechanical energy, for
instance water sources and wind power, and convert part of this
energy in electric currents. The synchronization and control of
these machines is complex, not only from the mechanical point view,
but electronically. The engineer accounts for duty cycles, torque
potential, cost, efficiency and magnetic core assembly among
others, and the advances in these fields is growing fast. Electric
Machines Principles, Applications, and Control is intended for
students and engineers, as well as materials scientists will find
this book to be a good comprehensive resource for learning about
the fundamental control and functioning of these machines, focusing
on specific examples that are also top research material in the
area, suitable for the interested reader. Content coverage of the
book is as follows. First chapter provides an overview of non-rare
earth permanent magnets for traction motors and generators. The
purpose of second chapter is to investigate the feasibility of
using surface magnetic Barkhausen noise for the evaluation of AC
core loss, and further, to examine potential origins of magnetic
loss in non-oriented electrical steel. Third chapter presents the
fault-tolerant control problem of DC motors. In fourth chapter, the
application of type-2 fuzzy logic concepts to the position control
of a simple DC motor were illustrated. Fifth chapter covers
dynamical simulation of a nonlinear stepper motor system. Sixth
chapter describes the performance of DI-BSCCO superconducting
electric motor. In seventh chapter, work power factor and total
harmonic distortion of separately excited DC motor controlled with
AC-DC converter has been analyzed at-load. Eighth chapter proposes
a method for the identification of inductive motors load partition
based on coherence and ninth chapter aims to present dissimilar
stator faults which are classified under electrical faults using
motor current signature analysis (MCSA) and the comparison of
simulation and hardware results. The aim of tenth chapter is to
provide energy efficient control of three-phase induction motor
drive and eleventh chapter deals with performance analysis and
implementation of a three phase inverter fed induction motor (IM)
drive system. The purpose of twelfth chapter is to propose a fuzzy
logic speed controller of induction motor where flux and torque
decoupling strategy is decoupled in terms of magnetizing current
instead of stator current to alleviate the effects of core loss.
Thirteenth chapter focuses on Ethernet control AC motor via
programmable logic controller (PLC) using LabVIEW. Fourteenth
chapter presents the capacity variation effect, speed of drive and
load as function of the wind system without and with analogical
regulator. Fifteenth chapter proposes a new type of the synchronous
capacitive machine operated on a principle of the electric field
effect. In sixteenth chapter calculations of the varying
inductances profile for a synchronous linear surface mounted
permanent magnet generator has been presented and seventeenth
chapter explores on the steady state analysis of a double-fed
induction generator (DFIG) adopted for wind power generation.
Eighteenth chapter deals with high efficiency double-fed induction
generator applied to wind power generator technical analyses and
nineteenth chapter highlights new development in the performance
improvement synchronous motor. Twentieth chapter describes a
converter control to contribute to enhancing the synchronizing
torque. In last chapter, a model of a variable speed wind turbine
using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is presented
and the control schemes are proposed.
Power electronics is defined as the application of solid-state
electronics to the control and conversion of electric power. It
also refers to a subject of research in electronic and electrical
engineering that deals with the design, control, computation,
time-varying energy-processing electronic systems with fast
dynamics. Power electronic converters can be found wherever there
is a need to modify the electrical energy form. With "classical"
electronics, electrical currents and voltage are used to carry
information, whereas with power electronics, they carry power. Some
examples of uses for power electronic systems are DC/DC converters
used in many mobile devices, such as cell phones or PDAs, and AC/DC
converters in computers and televisions. Large scale power
electronics are used to control hundreds of megawatt of power flow
across our nation. Research in this area includes power electronics
applications to control large scale power transmission and
distribution as well as the integration of distributed and
renewable energy sources into the grid. It is estimated that by the
year 2030, more than 80% of all electrical energy will be processed
by power electronics. The advantages continue to grow for technical
engineers who understand the fundamental principles and technical
requirements of modern power conversion systems. Fundamentals of
Power Electronics covers design-oriented analysis, modeling and
simulation techniques leading to practical engineering of
high-performance power electronics systems. This book will lead you
to practical examples of the most relevant concepts and methods.
Power electronics applications are extended to various fields such
as Aerospace, Automotive electrical and electronic systems,
commercial, industrial, residential, telecommunication,
transportation, utility systems, etc. In case of automotive
electronics, the electrically-generated systems are used in
automobiles such as road vehicles like telematics, in-car
entertainment systems, carputers, and so on. The need to control
engines of automobiles originated in automotive electronics for
proper controlling and conversion. Application of power electronics
in automotive applications plays a major role in controlling
automotive electronics. Automotive electronics include modern
electric power steering, HEV main inverter, central body control,
braking system, seat control, and so on. Application of power
electronics in the automotive power generation system provides
automotive alternators with improved efficiency and high power,
along with high temperature withstanding capacity and high-power
density with a variety of research in designing of alternator with
a switched mode power electronics applications. The frequently used
alternator in automotive applications is Lundell or Claw-pole
alternator, as it is suitable for the required emerging
performance. Field and armature characteristics of this alternator
are enhanced by the use of power electronics. These alternators are
used in automobiles for supplying power to the batteries and
electrical system while the engine is running. Automotive
alternators require a power electronic voltage regulator for
producing a constant voltage at the battery terminals by modulating
small field current.
Computer programming language is any of various languages for
expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer.
Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the
computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine
language. Computer Language Engineering addresses the
implementation of high-level programming languages into specifics
fields, from science to civil engineering. Students, scientist and
engineers will find this book to be a good comprehensive resource
for learning about the construction and application of some
relevant languages, focusing on specific applications that are also
novel research material in the area. The aim of first chapter is to
provide basic principles of software engineering. Second chapter
presents a lightweight behavior based language for requirements
modeling. The goal of third chapter is to present an elaborated
emulator of a 2-D massively parallel re-configurable mesh computer
of size n x n processing elements (PE). Fourth chapter deals with
the semantic analysis of queries written in natural language and
dedicated to the object oriented data bases. Fifth chapter focuses
on integrating auto computer-aided design (ACAD) with geographic
information system (GIS) for civil engineering applications. In
sixth chapter, C-language programming for development of
conventional water treatment plants decision support system has
been studied. The purpose of seventh chapter is to deal with
probabilistic graphical query language for gene expression time
courses and eighth chapter discusses about the application of
binary alignment/map query language (BAMQL) for extracting reads
from binary alignment/map (BAM) files. Ninth chapter proposes an
open, high-level, and portable programming language called
"Phonepl", which is independent from vendor-specific proprietary
hardware and software but can be translated into a network
processor (NP) program with high performance especially in the
memory use. Tenth chapter deals with common programming languages
used in bioinformatics and eleventh chapter introduces Ruby as a
highly suitable scripting language for biologists to learn and use.
Twelfth chapter presents a domain specific language, the S3DB query
language (S3QL), to operate on its underlying core model and
facilitate management of linked data. Thirteenth chapter provides a
generic concept that allows R users to extend their statistical and
bioinformatical procedures, which are relying on commands in the R
prompt, with standard graphical user interfaces. Fourteenth chapter
describe how to re-architect the Java type checking process in
order to obtain more informative error messages. Fifteenth chapter
highlights on the environment for tree exploration (ETE), a python
programming toolkit that assists in the automated manipulation,
analysis and visualization of hierarchical trees. In sixteenth
chapter, XIS-Mobile, a domain specific language, focused on the
development of mobile applications and on mitigating the problems
related to the complexity of software development and mobile
platform fragmentation were studied. Seventeenth chapter presents a
Perl5 toolkit for phyloinformatic analysis and eighteenth chapter
introduces the application of R/parallel in speeding up
bioinformatics analysis with R. Last chapter deals with development
of owlcpp, a library for storing and searching RDF triples, parsing
RDF/XML documents, converting triples into OWL axioms, and
reasoning.
An earthquake is always an unexpected phenomenon. Modern science is
not able to predict the time or the place or the earthquake
strength. The problem of locating the focus of a starting
earthquake has not even been set due to the poor level of
understanding the processes preceding its start. At present the
main earthquake hypothesis is the "explosive" relaxation of the
high elastic stresses accumulated in the lithosphere. Understanding
a fault's slip behavior, as well as its length and connectivity, is
important for constraining the magnitude range and frequency of
earthquakes that a particular fault is likely to produce. This
book, Earthquake Geology, presents contributions from researchers
of different countries in the world that point out the study of
seismoinduced phenomena associated with recent and historical
earthquakes. First chapter aims to estimate the response of
freestanding full-scale equipment to 2% in 50 years hazard level
motions, and the results are used to generate ready-to-use
fragility curves and second chapter emphasizes on earthquake
forecast with the seismic sequence hierarchization method. Third
chapter encompasses the micro-earthquake monitoring with sparsely
sampled data. In fourth chapter, we analyze in detail the features
of the experimental weakening curves and provide a general fit
which is purely empirical, with the synthesis of a large number of
experiments and their result in terms of frictional breakdown
energy Gf. Fifth chapter presents how to locate the focus of a
starting earthquake and sixth chapter presents research on
earthquake radon anomalies. Seventh chapter highlights on seismic
sequence structure and earthquakes triggering patterns and eighth
chapter emphasizes on predicting earthquakes with microsequences
and reversed phase repetitive patterns. Application of
commensurability in earthquake prediction is discussed in ninth
chapter and tenth chapter gives out the co-planarity and symmetry
theory of earthquake occurrence. Eleventh chapter presents a
numerical investigation of earthquake shielding with seismic
crystals and twelfth chapter presents an evaluation of strain
accumulation in global subduction zones from seismicity data.
Thirteenth chapter reveals on modification in atmospheric
refractivity and GPS based TEC as earthquake precursors, and
fourteenth chapter proposes a seismic-acoustic system for
monitoring the earthquake origin process. The aim of fifteenth
chapter is to calculate hydrodynamical phenomena: Earth's tidal and
precursory variations in level of liquid in wells (boreholes) using
identical systems of equations and to clarify data on distribution
of hydrodynamical precursors on the Earth's surface. The objective
of sixteenth chapter is to provide a wavelet transform method to
detect P and S-phases in three component seismic data. In
seventeenth chapter, basic models and standard mechanisms of
earthquakes are briefly considered, results of processing of
information on the earthquakes in the context of global spatial
anisotropy caused by the existence of the vector Ag, are presented,
and an analysis of them is given. Eighteenth chapter concentrates
more on the actual relationship between earthquakes and solar
activity and treats the effects causing the correlation only in the
aspect of geomagnetic field strength variations. Nineteenth chapter
presents a study on correlation of tidal forces with global great
earthquakes, and an analysis and verification of forecasting the
locations of future large earthquakes is given in last chapter.
Forecasts of the locations of future major earthquakes play an
important role in earthquake preparedness and determining
earthquake insurance costs. Many such forecasts have been carried
out with examples in this chapter.
Microprocessors are a mass storage device. They are the advanced
form of computers. They are also called as microcomputers. The
impact of microprocessor in different lures of fields is
significant. The availability of low cost, low power and small
weight, computing capability makes it useful in different
applications. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven,
register based, programmable electronic device which accepts
digital or binary data as input, processes it according to
instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.
Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential
digital logic. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols
represented in the binary numeral system. A microprocessor
incorporates the functions of a CPU on a single integrated circuit
or a few integrated circuits. It is a computer processor on a
microchip and is a multipurpose, programmable device that uses
digital data as input and provides results as an output once it
processes the input according to instructions stored in its memory.
Microprocessors use sequential digital logic as they have internal
memory and operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary
numeral system. They are designed to perform arithmetic and logic
operations that make use of data on the chip. General purpose
microprocessors in PCs are used for multimedia display,
computation, text editing and communication. Several
microprocessors are part of embedded systems. These embedded
microprocessors provide digital control to several objects
including appliances, automobiles, mobile phones and industrial
process control. This book takes applications of microprocessors
that goes from academic to practical elements to the industrial and
domestic illustrating modern applications. Now a days, a
microprocessor based systems are used in instructions, automatic
testing product, speed control of motors, traffic light control,
light control of furnaces etc. The applications of microprocessors
are enormous. Almost every aspect of our lives are affected by a
device that works on a microprocessor at some point. In
instrumentation devices such as frequency counters, function
generators, frequency synthesizers, spectrum analyses and many
other instruments. Control and communications, from the everyday
devices like microwave oven, washing machine and so on,
microprocessors are being used in controlling various parameters
like speed, pressure, temperature. It is very useful in the field
of instrumentation. Frequency counters, function generators,
frequency synthesizers, spectrum analyses and many other
instruments are available, when microprocessors are used as
controller. It is also used in medical instrumentation. In
telephone industry, these are used in digital telephone sets,
telephone exchanges and modem. The use of microprocessor in
television, satellite communication made teleconferencing possible.
LAN and WAN for communication of vertical information through
computer networking. Microprocessor based microcomputer with
software packages has changed the office environment.
Microprocessors based systems are being used for word processing,
spread sheet operations, storage etc. The microprocessor has
revolutionize the publication technology. The use of microprocessor
in toys, entertainment equipment and home applications is making
them more entertaining and full of features. The use of
microprocessors is more widespread and popular.
Microprocessors are electronics chips that functions as the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer. A processor uses the basic
concept of stored program execution. Every microprocessor has its
own associated set of instructions that adjust and contains ways of
computing and communicating with other hardware. A minimal
hypothetical microprocessor contains arithmetic and logic unit
(ALU), Instruction decode and control unit, Instruction register,
Program counter (PC), clock circuit (internal or external), reset
circuit (internal or external) and registers. As integrated circuit
technology advanced, it has been feasible to manufacture more and
more complex processors on a single chip, allowing more transistors
on a single chip and then increasing allowed word sizes from 4- and
8-bit words up to today's 64-bit words. Additional features were
added to the processor architecture; more on-chip registers speed
up programs, and complex instructions could be used to make more
compact programs. This book, Introduction to Microprocessors,
provides a solid foundation in the technology of microprocessors
and microcontrollers, their principles and applications. It
introduces the practicing engineer to microprocessors and covers
topics ranging from components for information processing to
hardware structures and addressing modes, along with support
software and structured programming. General principles are
illustrated with examples from commercial microprocessors. In
today's life, we uses microprocessor in exactly all devices. Our
computer, calculators and Mobiles are some examples. It is very
useful in the field of instrumentation. It is also used in medical
instrumentation. Microprocessor based controllers are available in
home appliances, such as microwave oven, washing machine etc.,
microprocessors are being used in controlling various parameters
like speed, pressure, temperature etc. These are used with the help
of suitable transduction. Microprocessors are being used in a wide
range of communication equipments. In telephone industry, these are
used in digital telephone sets. Telephone exchanges and modem etc.
The use of microprocessor in television, satellite communication
have made teleconferencing possible. Railway reservation and air
reservation system also uses this technology. LAN and WAN for
communication of vertical information through computer network.
Microprocessor based microcomputer with software packages has
changed the office environment. Microprocessors based systems are
being used for word processing, spread sheet operations, storage
etc. The microprocessor has transform the publication technology.
The usage of microprocessor in toys, entertainment equipment and
home solicitations is making them more entertaining and full of
features. The use of microprocessors is more widespread and
popular. This is an invaluable guide for both students and
practicing engineers, as well as researchers. It will lead the
reader even beyond the simplest cases to comparative studies and so
a better understanding of its functioning. The text is comprised of
nineteen chapters.
This book on the topic of General Physics offers a thorough
understanding of basic physical laws and concepts. The illustration
of the physical concepts in a reader-friendly way helps the readers
implement this conceptual knowledge to a broad variety of everyday
problems. This book covers the most important fundamental aspects
of classical as well as quantum physics. A vast variety of topics
are discussed in this book which include Newton laws of motion,
mechanics, statistical mechanics, waves, thermodynamics, etc. Most
of the physical laws of laws of nature are demonstrated in the
mathematical language. The readers are expected to have fundamental
concepts of mathematics in order to completely understand the
physical relations.
Quantum Dot Photovoltaics examines various aspects of next-gen
photovoltaics to have a deeper understanding of colloidal quantum
confined semi-conductor nanostructures. It includes the meaning of
quantum dot photovoltaics and fabrication protocols required for
such solar cells. Provide the reader with the insights into the
development of solar energy conversion and the current status of
colloidal quantum dots in prototype solar cells, so as to
understand the scientific challenges faced during the conversion of
solar energy.
Construction Robotics examines various aspects of Construction
Robotics including an extensive historical overview of Construction
Robotics and related issues. It includes The Basics of Construction
Industry, History of Robotics in Construction, Economic
Consideration of Robotic Implementation. Provides the reader with
insights into the development of its development, so as to
understand the rise of construction robotics in the industry and
the crucial role they play in speed, accuracy and safety, when it
comes to design complicated structures.
Physics of Energy Sources takes into account various dimensions of
physics and energy along with the importance and extraction methods
of fossil fuels. It includes the meaning and types of energy
sources and about solar and wind energy. Provide the reader with
the insights into the development of physics as energy source, so
as to understand and analyze conventional and renewable energy
sources including nuclear, solar, wind and water power.
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