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The calcified tissues have fundamental functions in the biology of
organisms, not only because their strength, solidity, and
elasticity permit movement and mechanical activities, and protect
soft tissues against traumatic forces, but also on account of their
role in mineral homeostasis. For this reason, extensive
investigation in the last 30 years has provided much to explain the
complex chemical and physical processes occurring in cells and
matrices composing the skeleton, and their alterations in
pathological conditions. The use of ultrastructural methods such as
immunocytochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy,
cytoautoradiography, freeze/fracture etching, high voltage, etc.
has proven to be of great value when applied to cells and matrix
components of bone and cartilage, in spite of the technical
difficulties due to the hardness of these tissues. However,
available information on this subject is disseminated in a variety
of scientific and medical articles. This volume is an attempt to
collect together the most significant data on the ultrastructure of
cartilage and bone in normalcy and pathology. Obviously, it cannot
be a complete report of all these data, its principal aim being
that of: a) giving a comprehensive statement of the results
concerning the basic structures common to these tissues, especially
collagen fibrils, noncollagenous proteins, and proteoglycans, and
their relationships with the mineral substance (for which another
volume of this series can also be consulted; see Ruggeri A. , Motta
P. M. (eds.
Extensive reviews have been published on the mor aspects, anatomy,
ultrastructure, physiology, bio phology, anatomy, and physiology of
the mam chemistry, endocrinology, pharmacology, and physiopathology
of the mammalian ovary. The malian ovary. However, little attention
has been given to the gaps between the physiological, endo
contributors, who prepared their chapters metic ulously, are
recognized experts in their respective crine and histochemical
parameters of the ovary as disciplines and their writings reflect
extensive per it relates to clinical aspects. There is a wealth of
sonal experience and unpublished data of both publications
concerning the biology of the ovary: basic and clinical sciences.
Without the assistance of the purpose of this volume is to
integrate this information with emphasis on modern concepts in good
friends and permission to draw extensively microanatomy,
physiology, methodology, clinical from investigations, this volume
would not have complications, and therapeutic approaches. An been
possible. attempt is made to place fundamental research in Thanks
are due to G. F. Franchitto, F. Barberini, clear perspectives. P.
Stoops. Lori Rust and J. Squiers for their editorial It is hoped
that this volume will fulfil a long skills and for checking the
references to the original standing need and serve as an important
source for sources. Thanks are particularly due to 1. K. Smith
investigators and clinicians concerned with the of Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers BV for his excellent physiopathology of the ovaries for
years to come. It cooperation during the production of the book."
This unique volume may very well foreshadow the treatment of renal
disease in the twenty-first century. The editors have obviously
compiled and reviewed the current clinical problems in which the
kidney plays a major role. They then selected as topics for
chapters those in which recent scientific investigations have added
significant new data. The investigators themselves or their peers
have been persuaded to produce a summary of current concepts of
renal structure and function for each topic. The result is a volume
which will be as invaluable as a clinical guide on the laboratory
bench as it will be a reference for the clinician seeking guidance
to rational therapy at the bedside. The strength of the volume lies
in the incorporation of those data on renal cellular structure and
function which hold the key to the etiology of the majority of
renal diseases we now call 'end-stage'. Fully, two-thirds of the
volume is devoted to current concepts of renal function and related
subcellular structure of various renal tissues. The illustrations,
correlations, and explanations are superbly presented in much
detail and with an obvious effort to fill out the current knowledge
of each subject. We may anticipate this book will remain a valuable
reference for many years to come.
When established four years ago, the scope of this international
series in electron microscopy essentially was to provide an
opportunity for the pUblication of selected review contributions by
specialists in ultrastructural research. Previous volumes presented
over the last three years have focused on special topics of present
interest in ~'ontemporary biomedicine such as endocrine cells,
reproduction, and connective tissues. In these fielCls, in fact,
integrated methods of electron microscopy have contributed much to
generate new ideas and concepts of general value in both basic and
clinical applications. The Ultrastructure of the Digestive Tract
basically follows the same guidelines and style of the other books
in the series and is an invited collection of selected
contributions of authors from various laboratories active in the
field of electron microscopy. Therefore, although the various
chapters consist of individual topics, they nevertheless should be
considered as interrelated contributions of specific subjects in
the field. The idea was to have critical reviews of aspects
previously published elsewhere by experts in the field who, as a
rule, include other relevant information in their articles in order
to update and enrich the subject. This book contains fifteen
chapters by renowned electron microscopists. Each chapter,
according to the policy of the editors, reviews a particular topic
in great detail, providing updated information, study methods and
results, authors' ideas on future investigative approaches, and
possible guidelines for forthcoming work. We hope that this book
will be useful to cell biologists, morphologists, physiologists,
and pathologists.
Recently, attention has been called to the role that microvascular
organization plays in the functional morphology of all organs and
tissues, both in normal and pathological conditions. Since its
development by Murakami, the corrosion cast method for scanning
electron microscopy has come to be considered one of the most
efficient means in clarifying the three-dimensional features of the
microcirculation of organs and tissues. Scanning Electron
Microscopy of Vascular Casts: Methods and Applications was planned
to supply fundamental and new information regarding
microcirculation studies to general biologists, anatomists,
pathologists and clinicians. The contributions to this volume,
contain original findings and excellent electron micrographs
obtained by using recently improved corrosion cast methods. The
rich variety of papers in this book will be useful to many, and
will provide both the basic and clinically oriented readers with
good ideas, suggestions, and original and worthwhile information.
Extensive reviews have been published on the mor aspects, anatomy,
ultrastructure, physiology, bio phology, anatomy, and physiology of
the mam chemistry, endocrinology, pharmacology, and physiopathology
of the mammalian ovary. The malian ovary. However, little attention
has been given to the gaps between the physiological, endo
contributors, who prepared their chapters metic ulously, are
recognized experts in their respective crine and histochemical
parameters of the ovary as disciplines and their writings reflect
extensive per it relates to clinical aspects. There is a wealth of
sonal experience and unpublished data of both publications
concerning the biology of the ovary: basic and clinical sciences.
Without the assistance of the purpose of this volume is to
integrate this information with emphasis on modern concepts in good
friends and permission to draw extensively microanatomy,
physiology, methodology, clinical from investigations, this volume
would not have complications, and therapeutic approaches. An been
possible. attempt is made to place fundamental research in Thanks
are due to G. F. Franchitto, F. Barberini, clear perspectives. P.
Stoops. Lori Rust and J. Squiers for their editorial It is hoped
that this volume will fulfil a long skills and for checking the
references to the original standing need and serve as an important
source for sources. Thanks are particularly due to 1. K. Smith
investigators and clinicians concerned with the of Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers BV for his excellent physiopathology of the ovaries for
years to come. It cooperation during the production of the book."
Male urogenital glands (also named male accessory sex glands) have
received relatively little attention from electron microscopists,
with the possible exception of the prostate gland. Moreover, even
though comparative studies have clearly shown that these glands
exhibit species-dependent features, very few studies, scattered
over various publications, are available on the urogenital glands
of man. This volume, the 11th of the series on Electron Microscopy
in Biology and Medicine, presents an unprecedented collection of
information on the functional microanatomy and cytoarchitecture of
these organs in humans. Through the integration of transmission and
scanning electron microscopy with a variety of modern techniques,
it documents the most important aspects of the histophysiology of
these glands from their development to some pathological
alterations. In order to cover some key mechanisms of their cell
biology, such as the action of sex hormones, the
epithelio-mesenchymal interactions, and the dynamic of the
secretory process, reports on human organs have been supplemented
by some studies on experimental animals. The outstanding level of
the contributions and the quality of the illustrations make this
book, which has been compiled by some of the world authorities on
the topic, a work of reference for students, scientists, and
professionals interested in biomedical foundations of andrology, as
well as a stimulus for future research in this exciting and
relatively neglected chapter of human reproduction.
Innovative microscopic techniques, introduced during the last two
decades, have contributed much to creating a new picture of the
dynamic architecture of the cell, which can now be more exactly
correlated with specific biochemical and physiopathological events.
These developments have led to significant advances in our
understanding of the physiomorphological and pathological aspects
of the secretory mechanism, as well as the pharmacologic methods
used to control, experimentally, the function of exocrine and
endocrine glands. The integration of new ultrastructural methods
such as freeze-fracture/etching, immunocytochemistry, scanning and
high-voltage electron microscopy, cytoautoradiography, etc. , has
proven to be of great value when applied to the study of endocrine
cells and tissues. Because information on this topic has appeared
in a variety of scientific and medical journals, this book: (1)
reviews the results of an integrative approach presenting a
comprehensive ultrastructural account of the main aspects of the
field; (2) points out gaps or controversial topics in our
knowledge; and (3) outlines pertinent directions for future
research. The chapters, prepared by recognized authorities in the
field, present traditional information on the topic in a concise
manner and, with a valuable selection of original illustrations,
show what the integration of new microscopic methods can contribute
to the subject in terms of new concepts. This volume will be useful
to cell biologists, anatomists, embryologists, histologists,
pharmacologists, pathologists, and, of course, endocrinologists. It
will also be of interest to students, practitioners of medicine,
and to all others dealing with clinical research and diagnosis.
This volume, the sixth of the series, represents the natural
counterpart of the previous volume, Ultra structure of the
Digestive Tract. Unlike the latter, however, whose contents fell
entirely within the domains of gastroenterology, Ultrastructure of
the Extraparietal Glands of the Digestive Tract encom passes a few
cognate sciences, such as hepatology, pancreatology, and even oral
biology, which are usually dealt with separately. This allows,
starting from cell biology, embryology, and comparative anatomy, a
comprehensive survey of organs that have much in common both
structurally and functionally. The chapters of this book have been
compiled by well-known experts in the field with the aim not only
of reviewing and pointing out the state of the art of the subject
covered, but also of giving directions for future work.
Furthermore, through the integration of electron microscopy with
immunocytochemistry, autoradiography, freeze fracture, maceration,
enzymatic digestion, etc., and by providing superb illus trative
material, the authors substantiate the pivotal role played by
modern morphology in under standing human physiology and pathology.
In fact, it must be stressed, that a consistent part of the tissues
studied here are from human origin. We believe that this volume
should be read, not only by scientists and teachers active in the
field, but also by a larger audience of students and professionals
interested in knowing the scientific foundations of biomedicine."
In recent years, the techniques of electron microscopy have
developed so widely and rapidly that they now cover the fields of
research once the unique ll:panage of sister research techniques
such as biochemistry, physiology, immunology, X-ray diffraction,
etc. It is now possible to reach molecular and submolecular levels,
making this technique indispensable in every type of research.
Electron microscopy alone often provides enough information to
solve given problems. In the field of the connective tissue matrix,
knowledge of the molecular structure of collagen, pro teoglycans
and elastin and their interaction has been to a large extent
elucidated by electron microscopy. The field over which electron
microscopy ranges in the investigation of the connective tissue
matrix is so wide that the aim of this volume is to collect the
main ultrastructural acquisitions disseminated in various journals
and monographs in one book. The intent ofthis volume is to: (a)
integrate different and new microscopic methods and review the
results of such an integrative approach; (b) present a
comprehensive ultrastructural account of selected aspects of the
field; (c) point out gaps or controversial topics in our knowledge;
(d) outline pertinent future research and expansion of the subject.
The liver has been an organ of mystery for centuries. Slowly but
surely its secrets have been disclosed by both basic research and
clinically oriented investigators whose current concepts have been
brought together in this book by authors from five different
countries. Three major groups with many subgroups have made inroads
into our better understanding of the liver. The first of these
comprises the basic scientists whose study of single hepatocytes
may provide the key to comprehension of mechanisms that will lead
eventually to improvement in the morbidity and mortality associated
with a variety of hepatic disorders. The second group has been
concerned with studies in depth of the liver's response to a
variety of hormones, drugs, viruses, and infections. Both early and
late results are their concern in the diagnosis and treatment of
the individual patient. A third group comprises the surgeons who
have become increasingly aggressive in the removal of one or more
segments of the liver. They have increased the scope of hepatic
resection as a result of a better understanding gained from studies
of various segments of the liver. They have accepted the term,
segmentectomy, and have extended feasible procedures to include
trisegmentectomy. Indeed, trans plantation of the liver has been
successfully accomplished."
Advances in the development and application of electron microscopic
techniques have occurred recently such that the electron microscope
has evolved to become an essential tool in both basic and clinical
research. Use of this instrument has contributed significantly to
the formation of new perspectives and concepts concerning cell fine
structure. These structural perspectives are now being integrated
with specific functional, biochemical and pathophysiological events
and processes of cells and tissues. Most recently, utilization of
innovative electron microscopic techniques such as freeze-fracture,
freeze etching, and scanning and high-voltage electron microscopy
offers both the basic and clinical scientist potentially
fundamental insights into many morphodynamic processes related to
the activities of cells and tissues. Such an approach has been
especially rewarding when applied to the dynamic events of
gametogenesis and early embryonic development. The chapters
comprising this book have been selected and edited with the aim of
providing an up-to-date and comprehensive account of the most
important aspects of vertebrate gamets and embryos as revealed by
the integration of several different submicroscopic methods. The
organization of the chapters is designed to indicate present gaps
in our knowledge of the developmental and reproductive biology of
gametes and the developing embryo and possible Iines of research
which may lead to a lessening of these gaps."
Recent advances in electron microscopy have opened up new
dimensions and perspectives in the field of morphology, and these
are presently being integrated with biochemical and
physiopathological phenomena occurring in cells, tissues, and
organs. Methods such as freeze-fracture, freeze-etching, scanning,
and high-voltage electron microscopy have contributed immensely to
this progress, as well as to the study of smooth muscle tissue and
contractile cells in general. The articles composing this book have
been selected and edited with the purpose of updating and reviewing
the most important aspects of smooth muscle cells as revealed by
the integration of these submicroscopic techniques. The chapters of
this volume have been prepared by some of the most authoritative
experts in the discipline. Therefore each article not only offers
the reader a concise review of the specific topic, but also seeks
to highlight areas that require further investigation. Much of the
volume is presented in an illustrative format so as to emphasize
the remarkable results obtainable by the combination of the
aforementioned methods, which allow a better appreciation of smooth
muscle structure and ultrastructure. This volume, like others in
the series, is intended not only for researchers in the field, but
also for graduate students of histology, embryology, anatomy,
physiology, and pathology in both medical and veterinary colleges.
My hope is that this book will prove to be a valuable academic
resource to the audience of the world in this fascinating and
expanding field.
When established four years ago, the scope of this international
series in electron microscopy essentially was to provide an
opportunity for the pUblication of selected review contributions by
specialists in ultrastructural research. Previous volumes presented
over the last three years have focused on special topics of present
interest in ~'ontemporary biomedicine such as endocrine cells,
reproduction, and connective tissues. In these fielCls, in fact,
integrated methods of electron microscopy have contributed much to
generate new ideas and concepts of general value in both basic and
clinical applications. The Ultrastructure of the Digestive Tract
basically follows the same guidelines and style of the other books
in the series and is an invited collection of selected
contributions of authors from various laboratories active in the
field of electron microscopy. Therefore, although the various
chapters consist of individual topics, they nevertheless should be
considered as interrelated contributions of specific subjects in
the field. The idea was to have critical reviews of aspects
previously published elsewhere by experts in the field who, as a
rule, include other relevant information in their articles in order
to update and enrich the subject. This book contains fifteen
chapters by renowned electron microscopists. Each chapter,
according to the policy of the editors, reviews a particular topic
in great detail, providing updated information, study methods and
results, authors' ideas on future investigative approaches, and
possible guidelines for forthcoming work. We hope that this book
will be useful to cell biologists, morphologists, physiologists,
and pathologists.
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